Gender Discrimination And Gender Equality Essay Example For Students

Gender Discrimination And Gender Equality Essay more and more people trying to incorporate gender equality in all areas of their operations even if some do it to a small extent. Though this effort is much appreciated, more needs to be done to ensure that gender equality is fully gained in all countries of the world. Gender based discrimination is commonplace in the corporate world as very few women hold top executive positions in big companies. Fewer women hold executive offices in multinationals and big companies compared to their male counterparts. This is mainly because it is generally felt that men are more deserving of promotions despite the fact that men may be less productive as compared to a woman. Women even after discrimination perform well and do not speak up about the discrimination (Smith, Caputi, and Crittenden 210). This can be attributed to the fact that women, for ages have been suppressed and forced to live with the fact that society does not consider them to be as great as their male counterparts in anything even when they clearly are.The number of women who enter into white collar jobs is higher than men. Around 53 percent of women hold white collar jobs as compared to 47 percent of men (Porter 112). However, the number of women occupying leadership positions is almost negligible. In such situations, when a majority of top positions in corporation are occupied by men, chances of the success of women can only be possible with the help of men. It is important that male bosses promote their team members based on their performance and not because of gender. Students attend lecture on gender equality but do not practice what they learn in their real life. There is need to implement theory into practice. College education on gender equality is waste of time . .n to be backward and should not be entertained. I believe that gender equality is an ideology whose time has come. Women should be treated equal to men. They should be given all the rights and opportunities that are available to men. I support that women are as competent as men and they deserve all the privileges that men have solely for a long time enjoyed. Moreover, men should get more involved in gender equality movement for with the help of men, the call for gender equality can perverse our society and its constructs realized. However, the move to liberate women from the bondage of gender stereotyping requires concerted efforts of individuals and organizations, institutions and world governments. The society must come together and fight this vice that has robbed many women their well deserved opportunities at social, political, economical and academic liberation.

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law Net Capital Gain Pirchases

Question: Discuss about the Taxation, Theory, Practice Law for Net Capital Gain Pirchases. Answer: Introduction Analysis of Freds overall net capital gain covering the various related transactions, noted after his involvement in the purchase of his holiday house, in the main concern of this report. The concept of overall net gain and net loss is understand by learning the importance of required laws of calculation from this study. Fred, the example of study in this report, demands the understanding of law as the home functions, development, and renovation comes under the Australians law of government strategies which even includes other taxation laws as per the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1977. Computation is done by this. On concern of net capital gain and loss of Fred .the explanation to set the capital loss/gain is also related by evaluating and analyzing the various facts and figures personally from the report. Here it is important to note that, there are transactions that do not follow the computational method of capital research. The term computation is imperative to understand as the c oncepts of net capital gain/loss and superannuation adopts the computation functionality (Graetz Schenk, 2009). Every layout is basically based on the computation tool. Computation definition hence is described by various tax and law scholars with each definition carrying specific application for different purposes and situation. The process of accumulating or gathering funds from the people to give them at the time retirement is called superannuation (Wright, 1970). Freds capital gain calculation Computation Of Capital Gain For FRED For The Year Ended On 30 June Particulars Amount (in$) Total Amount (in $) Add: #Proceeds of selling holiday home in the current year 800,000.00 Less: Cost Base of holiday home in 1987 100,000.00 700,000.00 Less: Total legal fees 2100.00 697900.00 Add: Cost base of garage 20,000 717900.00 Less: Cost of garage after indexation 20000*123.4/71.3 34,614.30 683,285.70 Less: Agent commission 9900.00) 673,385.70 Less: Stamp duty payable on acquisition (2000.00) 671,385.70 Less: Previous Year Capital Loss Deduction (10,000.00) Total capital gain 661,385.70 Less: 50% discount for using property for more than 12 months (330692.85) Net capital gain 330692.85 Exceptions and exemptions: Few values or transactions are there which do not depend on the capital gain or loss, as discussed earlier in this report. Hence, different examples are there for getting a clear details about these values. For instance, reimbursement requested in case of any injury or illness, required assets prior to 20th Sep 1985, people having $10,000 or more personal asset. Things which cannot be counted in capital gain or loss are cars, vehicles or motorcycles, and is considered unworthy if owned for $10,000 or less (Bittker Rahdert, 1976). Things like painting collection of $500 or less do not come under computation, and family homes detached from the real house are few other examples. What will be the answer if there is a sale of an antique vase? In case a loss is incurred due to the selling of an antique vase by Fred, in my view, I would say that he suffered a huge loss. This can be said because the loss suffered due to the subtraction of it is received from the selling of the shares, that Fred intended to use it personally, thus his net capital is higher than $10,000 (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). An overall analysis on the fringe benefits and fringe benefits tax Tax is a result of fringe benefit that helps in setting the introduction as well as the importance of the analysis of fringe benefit. Fringe benefits covers the additional benefit that increases the pay of the staffs. Subsidized meal, company car, health insurance and more are the distinct examples. According to employers, it is a free partner and contractor that is there between two employees in which, in few situations, they are set free from the taxes. For e.g., the fair market cost is included for all those receive fringe benefit tax, in that year. It is beneficial for the employees family and the acquaintances too (Woellner, 2014). This amount gets added to the salary package. Fringe benefit, unlike the income tax, is assessed every year from 1st April to 31st March and is regulated by the Australian Fringe Benefit Tax Act, 1988, in Australia. It is classified into different sections: Expense payment fringe benefits Debt waiver fringe benefits Housing fringe benefits Loan fringe benefits Car parking fringe benefits Board fringe benefits Living away from home allowance fringe benefits Residual fringe benefits Property fringe benefits including the goods, property or shares Living away from home fringe benefits Living away from home (LAFTA), is the allowance which is provided in case of staying away from the real residing house. In this case, the employee receives few benefits from the employer for staying away from their house for some personal duties (Walton, 1995). However, at times strategies also see few disadvantages. Property fringe benefits Under this benefit the employer gives a property to the employee at a much discounted rate, this is the same case in Emmas situation. A bathtub costs $1,300 to Emma which is normally available at $2,600 in the market. Hence, the company gives a discount of 50% to Emma. Board Fringe Benefits The days meal as well as accommodation is given in the form of board fringe benefit to the employees (Blum Kalven, 1978). Housing fringe benefits Herein, the employee is given the right on accommodation and rent or license. A residential right is given to the employee because the entire unit is granted by the strategy (Blum Kalven, 1978). Debt waiver fringe benefits This benefit enables an employer to let the employee off from paying the debt. Car parking fringe benefit This benefit can be utilized in various situations. For e.g., in case a car is parked in the employers area or in case the parking is beyond the time frame i.e. before and after 7am and 7pm, if the car is parked in the place of work of the employee, a commercial area is available in a radius of 1km work area, or in case the employee manages the car (Surrey, 1972). Car fringe benefit The employee gets the car which was rented for a personal usage or as their own asset as the car fringe benefit. Expense fringe benefit Here, the employees is given some amount for paying to a third party. In case, this payment is not made, the employee is answerable or he/she will have to recompense. Emma gets the advantage from the fringe benefit from the compensation for the vehicle and hence qualifies the expenses from it (Paul, 1954). Loan fringe benefits In this, the employees are given loan on a lower interest rate than what is normally offered by all the banks. Emma received the amount of $5,00,000 at an interest rate of 4.5% that is less that than the interest charged by the banks. As FBT is taken, this is 47% (Dubert Merrill, 2001). FBT consequences for the company As per the FBTA, s 7 provisions the car is considered as a fringe benefit and Emma gets it for using it personally. Based on the cost, strategies and other additional information, the constitutional methods are used here: Taxable value = (0.2 * $33,000 x 330/365) = $5,967 Base value = cars cost The car was given as a fringe benefit for 330 days (it is considered for annual repairs and also cannot be used personally. Accessibility of the car until Emma gives it to her employee, parked at airport (Lind, 2005). No recipient is received by Emma for the reimbursement of the expenses. Emmas motor vehicle expenses repayment This is not taken into consideration under FTBA, s 53; however, is adapted for the expense payment fringe. $500,000 Loan A loan provision is a loan fringe benefit: FBTAA, Div 4 Taxable value = $500,000 x (5.95% - 4.45%) x (212/365) = $4,356 NB: Because the loan is not spent as an assessable income for earning, there is no reduction for tax under deductible rule (Gilders et. al., 2015). Bathtubs purchasing cost $1,300 Periwinkle sells bathtubs under their ordinary business plan: FBTA, Division 11 since they are a house fringe property. The bathtubs taxable value is decreased by $1,300 for recipients payment of $650. Periwinkle produces and distributes bathtubs to the customers as an ordinary course business, thus the taxable amount is 75% of $2,600 = $1,950. This is considered to be the lowest cost at which it is sold to the customers (Kerwin Furlong, 1994). As the bathtub is a house fringe benefit, the amount which is taxable is lowered below s62 FTBA taking into consideration that Emma does not have any other in-house advantage that year. When the taxable amount is deducted from each fringe benefit, it becomes necessary to deduce Type 1/Type 2 declaration of the fringe benefit. Car = Type 1 fringe benefit (because the amount is comprehensive with GST and supposition is done about Periwinkle being unrestricted to input tax credits) Loan = Type 2 fringe benefit (it is a financial supply; therefore no GST is applicable) Assume that taxable value of bathtub is reduced to 0. Fringe benefits taxable amount = ($5,967x 2.0802) + ($4,356x 1.8868) = $12,413+ $8,219 = $20,632. Liability of Fringe benefits tax = 47% x $20,632 = $9,697 Thus, Periwinkle should pay $9,697 FBT in relation to the above items. What will be the answer if Emma purchases the shares by herself? For this the answer may differ. In case all the shares are bought by Emma by the loan of $50,000, then this amount will be used for producing income as the dividend is taken from such organisations that gains profit and the deduction amount is taken from the similar rate of interest. In such cases, the loan fringe benefit lowers by 10% ($50,000/$ 50,000) as per the deductible rule proposed under s 19 of the FBT Act (Hodgson, Mortimer Butler, 2016). Conclusion and Suggestions The above report clearly shows that Emma attains benefit from Periwinkle Company, to pay below fringe benefit. It talks about the case of Emma as well as Fred wherein it is quite clear that it is necessary to know the laws of any institution as the situation might differ from time to time. Thus, the above report allows the students to understand the concepts very clearly by referring to the different examples given. This allows the students and people associated with the concerns of this field to properly read and analysis the case study, enabling them to figure out the personal problem and issues. The explanation and the different examples mentioned help the students to gain an in-depth knowledge about the subject matter. References Bittker, B.I. and Rahdert, G.K., 1976. The exemption of nonprofit organizations from federal income taxation.The Yale Law Journal,85(3), pp.299-358. Blum, W.J. and Kalven, H., 1978.The uneasy case for progressive taxation. University of Chicago Press. Dubert, C. and Merrill, P. 2001, Taxation of US Corporations Doing Business Abroad: US Rules and Competitiveness Issues (Morristown, NJ: Financial Executives Research Foundation and PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2001). Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015. Understanding taxation law 2015, 8th edn, LexisNexis/Butterworths. Graetz, M.J. and Schenk, D.H., 2009.Federal Income Taxation: Principles and Policies. Foundation Press. Hodgson, H, Mortimer, C Butler, J 2016, Tax Questions and Answers 2016, 5th ed., Thomson Reuters, Sydney, Kerwin, C.M. and Furlong, S.R., 1994.Rulemaking: How government agencies write law and make policy(Vol. 999). CQ Press. Lind, S.A. ed., 2005.Fundamentals of Business Enterprise Taxation: Cases and Materials. Foundation Press. Nethercott, L, Richardson, G Devos, K 2016, Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Sydney Paul, R.E., 1954.Taxation in the United States. Surrey, S.S. ed., 1972.Federal income taxation: cases and materials(Vol. 1). Foundation Press. Walton, P., 1995. Accounting rules, taxation and medium-sized business in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, a study for the Foundation for Manufacturing and Industry. British Library Document Supply Centre Woellner, R 2014, Australian taxation law 2014, 8th eds., CCH Australia, North Ryde Wright, C.A., 1970.Handbook of the Law of Federal Courts. West Pub. Co..

Marriage and Taxes free essay sample

Marriage and Taxes Introduction: Bill and Mary plan to marry in December of 2012. Bills salary is $32,000 and he owns a residence. His itemized deductions total $12,000. Marys salary is $39,000. Her itemized deductions total only $1,600 as she does not own a residence. Assume that 2013 tax rates, exemptions, and standard deductions are the same as 2012. Task(s): Answer the following questions: a. What will their tax be if they marry before year-end and file a joint return? The file joint of returns will be $12,000. b. What will their combined taxes be for the year if they delay the marriage until 2013? The combined taxes will be $13,600 if they delay the marriage. $12,000 + 1,600 = 13,600. c. What factors contribute to the difference in taxes? Some of the factors that can result a difference in the taxes would be based on your itemized deductions. Examples a itemized deductions are mortgages that you own, have done any charitable donations, medical expenses, Long-term care services, and relocating for new employment. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage and Taxes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For a marriage case they can us the marriage penalty, Examples of a marriage penalty: (1) Both of the earns $80,000 a year mas two single individuals, the marginal tax rate will be 25% However, if you are a married couple, the marginal tax rate on a $160,000 annual income is 28%. 2) If you are married you are allowed to write off a total of $3,000 in losses, if filing separately, each only has a $1,500 limit; whereas two single individuals can write off a total of $6,000. (3) When it comes to IRA contributions, they are phased out at income levels between $178,000 – $188,000 for married couples versus a range of $112,000 – $127,000 for single taxpayers. Ingenuity. Empathetic.

5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems

5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems 5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems 5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems By Mark Nichol An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that appears in proximity to another noun or noun phrase to define or modify it. When writers employ nonrestrictive appositions, which consist of optional additional information, they sometimes fail to punctuate the sentence correctly to indicate that the phrase is parenthetical, leading to confusion. Here are five sentences in which insertion of a single comma repairs the damage. 1. â€Å"John Smith, Jones’s rival and number four on the FBI’s most-wanted list is caught.† If this sentence began with â€Å"Jones’s rival . . .,† it would be correctly punctuated. But â€Å"John Smith† is the subject, â€Å"is caught† is the object, and the phrase beginning â€Å"Jones’s rival† and ending â€Å"most-wanted list† is an appositive, and must be punctuated as a parenthetical phrase: â€Å"John Smith, Jones’s rival and number four on the FBI’s most-wanted list, is caught.† 2. â€Å"John Doe, who once led the company was indicted on eighty-five counts in a huge federal case.† The basic facts are that John Doe was indicted; the phrase â€Å"who once led the company† is an appositive parenthetical and must, like the descriptive phrase in the preceding example, be framed by commas: â€Å"John Doe, who once led the company, was indicted on eighty-five counts in a huge federal case.† 3. â€Å"Life has been rough for Jane Roe, the governor’s chief of staff ever since her controversial remark went public.† â€Å"The governor’s chief of staff† is the appositive here; without a comma following the phrase to complement the preceding comma, the statement implies that she gained her position when she made the remark: â€Å"Life has been rough for Jane Roe, the governor’s chief of staff, ever since her controversial remark went public.† 4. General Martin Dempsey, the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman who just wrapped up a visit to Afghanistan, was asked whether he foresees North Korea taking military action soon. By combining the general’s title with the reference to his recent visit to Afghanistan, the sentence implies that more than one Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman exists; Dempsey is the one who had just returned from Afghanistan. The phrase â€Å"the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman† must be bracketed by a pair of commas to show that it is the first of two parenthetical phrases dividing the subject from the object: â€Å"General Martin Dempsey, the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, who just wrapped up a visit to Afghanistan, was asked whether he foresees North Korea taking military action soon.† (Sometimes, one of two consecutive appositives that follow another noun or noun phrase can be separated by relocating one before the noun or noun phrase it refers to, but here, Dempsey’s title would compete with his military rank; however, the reference to the Afghanistan visit could be moved to a subsequent sentence, or even deleted because it is irrelevant to the sentence.) 5. â€Å"The next antiwar demonstration scheduled to take place on April 7 may take aim at companies outside San Francisco.† This sentence’s lack of internal punctuation will likely lead readers to assume that more than one demonstration is scheduled to take place on April 7, which is a distracting error. The reference to the date is in apposition, identifying the date of the event (it is appositive because, as a truncated version of â€Å"the one scheduled to take place on April 7,† it is another way of referring to â€Å"the next antiwar demonstration†), and could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence: â€Å"The next antiwar demonstration, scheduled to take place on April 7, may take aim at companies outside San Francisco.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Connotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleOppose and Opposed To

Because it is too long so i wrote in the report format Essay

Because it is too long so i wrote in the report format - Essay Example This report has thus evaluated the factors that influence the decision of the organisation to hire a German engineer to help increase its car modelling and production. This is a sound idea but a number of factors arising from international human resource management must be considered and given due consideration. This paper finally advices on the best approach that the organisation should steps to help reduce the financial expenses that may arise from this decision. Introduction Background information The process of recruiting and posting of staffs is a major concern in international human resource management to organizations that operate beyond their domestic borders. Recruitment involves the process of searching for and obtaining potential job candidates in a good number and with different qualities so as to enable the organization chose the individual with the best skills. Recruitment for multinationals presents many challenges to organization due to the operational differences tha t exist in different countries around the globe. ... Ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric and geocentric staffing orientations are quite common in international human resource management. This decision to recruit a German foreigner thus means that the organization has adopted the use of foreign expatriates to occupy a number of positions in the organizations (Deresky, 2010). The success of such a policy is influenced by a number of factors which include the work visa and the immigration rules of the country. Aims of the study This report will thus evaluate the major issues that will arise and that requires consideration by the organisation in their quest to employ a German national as the engineer to help improve the car production business. It will thus analyse the visa issues and remuneration issues that will be considered by the organization before making this decision. As a foreigner, the company will have to implement an induction program to help familiarize the employee with the work culture of the country and how he can live comfortably in the country with his family members despite the cultural differences. The report shall thus analyse how such a condition will affect the company’s financial and human resource position. Scope of the study In completing this task and achieving the desired aims of this study, the Australian system shall be analysed in line with the emigration and the labour laws of the country. This will enable me analyse the labour related issues that may affect the working conditions for the German engineer and how he may be required to comply with international working permits. In line with the international human resource practises, the remuneration package for the engineer will also be analysed especially to determine how the variation with the

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract law - Essay Example The advertisement which Kelly has placed in the local newspaper is an offer that has been made to the world at large, such as for example in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.3 A mere offer will only constitute a unilateral contract, which will also be deemed valid only if some party proffers an unconditional acceptance of the terms of the offer.4 John has seen the advertisement in the paper and has posted his acceptance to Kelly. However as McKendrick states, for a contract to be valid, â€Å"there must be a definite offer mirrored by a definite acceptance.†5 An acceptance will be said to occur when the offeree’s words or conduct can give rise to an objective reference that he/she has assented to the terms offered.6 On this basis, Kelly’s advertisement in the paper constitutes a definite offer and John’s reply constitutes an acceptance of the terms of the offer. In the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council, it was held that the acceptance of the offer must also be communicated before it can be valid on a contractual basis.7 According to Lord Denning no contract will come into existence unless and until the acceptance has been communicated to the offerer8. Therefore, if a contract is to exist between Kelly and John, then Kelly should have received John’s acceptance of her original offer, without any changes in its terms. John has indeed accepted the offer as per its original terms and since John’s acceptance of the offer has been sent by post then it will be held to be a valid acceptance as soon as he posted his letter.9 In fact, the courts have held that where a postal; acceptance is concerned, it will hold good even in those instances where the letter is delayed or lost in the post so that it never reaches the offerer.10 However, an offer cannot be accepted by the offeree unless and until the offer is communicated to him/her and silence cannot be

Marketing mix components role in market strategy

Marketing mix components role in market strategy The firms task is to find the best solution for its marketing decisions variables. The settings constitute its MARKETING-MIX. The M-Mix is the framework of policies which are used by the marketer to get success in the field of marketing. The MARKETING MIX in the form of 4Ps is interdependent on each others. The following are the components of Marketing mix: There are four types of components: 1. PRODUCT 2. PRICE 3. PROMOTION 4. PLACE COMPONENTSSS PRODUCT PRICE PROMOTIONON PLACE 1. Pricing Objectives 2. Price Fixation 3. Discount Policy 4. Credit Terms 1. Advertising 2. Sales -Promotions 3. Customer -Aids 4. Sales -Contests 1. Channels 2. Inventory -Level 3. Warehousing 4. Transport -ation 5. Retailing 1. Planning 2. Features 3. Variety 4. Branding 5. Packging 6. Labelling Figure 1: Components of 4ps Marketing Mix. 1. PRODUCT MIX- Product is sum total of tangible and intangible attributes includes product designs, style, size, colour, branding, packaging, labeling etc. Some important variables of Product Mix are explained here: PRODUCT DESIGN PRODUCT LINE PRODUCT QUALITY Figure 2: Important Variables of Product Mix. Product Design: Product must be designed in a manner as desired by the target consumers. Good designing increases sales. It is very important features in consumer products like shoes, readymade garments etc. Product Line: It is a group of closely related product. For example: BPL Co. manufacturing Televisions, Music System, etc. Product Quality: Product Quality depends on design, material used, workmanship etc. The quality can be fixed in terms of; size, weight, colour, shape, flavour etc. 2. PRICE- The value of product expressed in terms of money is known as Price, Buyer and seller can only exchange goods and service on the agreed price. Some important variables of PRICE MIX are explained here: Pricing policies and strategies Terms of credit Resale price maintenance Profit margin Figure 3: Important Variables of Price Mix. Pricing policies and strategies: The pricing policies and strategies are the guidelines which helps the producer in determining the price as to match the market needs. The price is depends upon factors like demand, cost, competition, nature etc. Terms of credit: To increase the sales, credit sales are necessary. Credit sales is necessary to run the business it certainly increases the profitability. It is decided on types of customers. Resale price maintenance: It removes price competition and increases the goodwill of the firm. Resale price maintenance is a practice and a source to earn money. Profit margin: Profit margin is a difference between the final price paid by a customer and cost of production .This include margin of retailer, wholesaler and the producer. 3. PROMOTION- Promotion is a mean by which marketer talk to its existing and potential customers. It is a mixture of communication. Promotion efforts can be Personal or Impersonal. It is depend on customers acceptance. Some Important variables of promotion mix are explained ere: PERSONAL SELLING TRADE FAIRS PUBLIC RELATIONS SALES PROMOTION Figure 4: Important Variables of Promotion Mix. Personal selling: An oral communication between a firm and its customers is known as Personal selling. In order to make best use of sale force, proper policies should be prepare regarding selection, training, recruitment, motivation and controlling. Sales Promotion: A bridge between advertising and personal selling is known as Sales promotion. Trade fairs: Trade fairs are the places where manufactures and dealers gathered for selling their products. Public Relations: It is an attempt to achieve good relation with public. Public Include: customers, banks, shareholders, suppliers, competitors etc. 4. PLACE- The smooth flow of goods and its services from the manufacturer to consumer by creating under time and to the proper place is known as Place Mix. Some Important variables of promotion mix are: TRANSPORTATION WAREHOUSING INVENTORY LEVELS DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Figure 5: Important Variables of Promotion Mix. CONCLUSION Thus, there are four types of components of MARKETING MIX. They are helpful in different ways to design the market strategy. Top summaries about the 4ps Marketing mix, there are some bullet points to remember, as follows: 4Ps are interdependent on each other( each depend on others) 4Ps constitute your Marketing Strategy. Independent Variables ( We can Control These) Product is only one P. Sales Volume is the dependent variable. Q2: Explain the importance of segmentation? Justify yours arguments with examples? INTRODUCTION: Market segmentation is the sub-division of a market into homogeneous subsets of customers. It is the strategy of dividing markets in order to conquer them. It is consumer-oriented. In this supply is bended according to demand. Thus, every area of market can be addressed with a targeted marketing mix. Importance of Segmentation: Knowledge of Market Opportunities Knowledge of Customers Needs Increase Of Sales volume Better assessment Of the competition Proper Allocation Of Resources Adjustments in Products Helpful in Advertising Beneficial for consumers Figure 6: Types of Segmentation. There are five importances of segmentations: 1. Knowledge of market opportunities- With the help of market segmentation Marketers are in a better position to locate and compare the opportunities of market. E.g. In rural area there is less scope for sports facilities so the marketers can readjust their strategy. 2. Proper allocation of resources- Segmentation lead to proper allocation of resources because customer is the focus of all marketing efforts therefore he can allocate his limited financial resources according to the needs of different segments. 3. Knowledge of customers needs- All marketing activities are directed towards the satisfaction of consumer. With the help of segmentation it becomes easy to measure the level of segmentation in easy segment and also to make improvements in the segmentation level. 4. Increase in sales volume- The market producer can increases his sales volume by segment with the help of knowing demand pattern of the product. E.g. Clinic All Clear manufacturers provide variety of shampoos like clinic all clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo clinic all clear for men for its different customers. 5. Better assessment of the competition- These segmentation of market helps in assessing correctly the strength and weakness of the competitors. It also helps to know the level of competition in each segment. If the competitors has stronghold any segments, there is no use in wasting resources on such segments. 6. Adjustment in products- Under market segmentation marketers can easily make finer adjustments in their products and market communication according to the change in taste, need, nature and income of the consumers . 7. Helpful in advertising- With the help of market segmentation consumers through effective advertising media then the choices, habits, preferences, needs of different buyer groups are duly recognized. 8. Beneficial for consumers- Segment results in product wars between the giant manufacturers. E.g. Coca-Cola Vs Pepsi, Polo Vs Mint, Colgate Vs Close Up and so on. Other Importance of Market Segmentation: By focusing the relevant segments, marketers can get benefits very accurately. In market segmentation, a marketer is able to create new market for his products. Segmentation also helps in best allocation of marketing budget. By segmentation the producer, the working of different intermediaries or the distribution channels can be effectively evaluated. CONCLUSION: Thus, we conclude that MARKET SEGMENTATION helps the manufacturers and the marketers to match their products with the real needs of the consumers groups. It is Beneficial for customers. It is helpful to Increase in sales volume. Q3.Choose a product of your own choice and how does branding helps to promote this product? INTRODUCTION: Branding is a process by which a product is branded. It is a process of stamping a product with the some identifies name and mark. It means giving a distinct individuality to a product. Branding gives a specified name to a product or group of products of one seller. Branding gives the product individuality. MEANING OF BRANDING: A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design used to identify the product of one firm and to differentiate them from the products of the competitors. A brand is an integral part of the symbol appearing on the product. Once the business start running on full stream, branding helps a lot in sense of strategy. To lead to this discussion I am going to discuss on footwear (shoes) as my product for this. There are different types of brand in footwear market and depth of each of these brands is extremely deep, but to make this discussion be specific I like to specifically talk on one brand named NIKE. Analysis of Nike Brand: Nike is a group of companies and distribution of footwear, cloths and sports products. They manufacture and distribute more than 200 models of footwear, spanning specialties in many sports, from running, basketball, to soccer and baseball cleats, to golf.   Each product of Nike is current, stylish and sleek.  Nike is an equipment, shoe and athletic apparel company.   Most of their customers are high performance athletes. They also are consistent with who does not fit their target market most of us!   Basically, Nike has built an international enterprise around top performing athletes.   There are more than 100 athletes signed on and wearing Nike product for promotions and marketing. The success and performance of the Nike is represented by athletes are their target market.   Nike obviously meets their needs.  To meet their target market they do such a good job, in fact, it has brought some criticism.   There is large number of shoe manufacturer and handful of them is easily recognizable, I would like to say it is quite up and down in the shoe business. In the market of pricing, Nike is always in line with their competitors. Most of competitors against Nike are Adidas, Reebok, New Balance, and many others, depending on the specific need.   This is very common now-a-days for the high ambitious competitors and surprising as they could receive more of a premium for their product. Nike uses some psychological techniques to boost their marketing with the name of brands. As Nike brand is very reliable and soft. They offer majority of warranties of the product with make trust bond between customer and company, and attract more customers. As they offer the best product in the market, once a customer bought product they do verbal marketing after using the product, which helps the company in sales and more profitable. Nike organizes events for their customer and offer vouchers on the limited sales which attract more customers for future. Nike provides more than 300 of styles and provides choices to customers. In terms of distribution, Nike has found all the right places.  Sports retailers such JJb sports, sports Direct, Sports Authority and some of the branded sole traders are common places to find them.  As the modern world come to online selling, now Nike starts providing home delivery to their customers under their budget prices. Nike manufacture shoes in the season and try to sell within the season with the new modified pieces for next seasons, if they found out of season and out of production, they starts selling on discount outlets for the clearance purpose. This strategy provides Nike product to the customer who are unable to buy product in the season because of high prices. CONCLUTION:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After analyzing Nike strategies, marketing mix, the product and promotion of Nike is admirable. These techniques show us that with an edge towards excellence, any branded product can achieve dominance. Q4. Carry out the SWOT analysis for a company of your own choice? INTRODUCTION: SWOT stands for: S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITY T-THREAT To analyse the concept of SWOT, I studied NOKIA Corporation. In the Telecommunication equipment market Nokia Corporation named in worlds largest manufactures. It has since established a leading brand presence in many local markets. GSM, CDMA and WCDMA are the common known mobile communication equipments offered by NOKIA in the current market. Not only electronic satellite but mobile phone infrastructure and many other telecommunications equipments such as broadband access, professional mobile radio, traditional voice telephony, wireless LAN, ISDN, voice over IP and a line of satellite receivers. SWOT Analysis of the Company: Nokia Strengths: Nokia has very strong financial aspects, with much more profits in the business. It has largest network of distribution and selling as compared to other mobile phone company in the world. It is backed with the high quality and professional team in the HRD Dept. The product being user friendly and have all the accessories one want that is why is in great demand making it No-1 selling mobile phones in the world. There are many choices of products available for all class. There are many good prices of second hand NOKIA mobile phones compared to other mobile phones. Weakness: After analyzing Nokia, we found out about lots of strengths and some weakness. The cost of the product offered by company is one of them. Some of the technology used by NOKIA is not user friendly, which is not helping the targeted customers. The price of the product is another main issue. There are very few service centers for the Nokia product repairs, which cause to bad service after sale. Opportunity: Nokia has large number of opportunity to increase its business in international market. With the large number of different types of products, mixer of features and wide selection price range for all people, it has an advantage over the competitors around. Nokia has to target right customer at right time to gain the most out of the situation according to the standard of living in the world, which will increased the purchasing power of the people and sales market of the company. Threats: As every company has to face many crisis and threats in their marketing, financial and development, Nokia also has to face many threats to tackle to maintain its position as market leader in the international market. The common threats for Nokia is like emerging of other telecommunication companies in the international market with huge range of product. The companies like Sony Ericsson, Apple (iPhone), Blackberry (Smartphone), Android, Motorola and Cingular (U.S) etc. These companies have come to the stand of tough competition with Nokia in the field of Mobile Phones. Threats for Nokia from others include, providing cheap phones, new style and type, new features, good services after sale etc. So, Nokia has to keep in mind that there are many growing competitors around the world and how to take over them. CONCLUSION In SWOT Analyses we know about the STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITY, THREATS of the company. Here we choose NOKIA Company. STRENGTH and WEAKNESS are inside the company. OPPORTUNITY and THREAT are outside the company. Q5Anylyse the external factors that can affect the promotion of a product? INTRODUCTION: The Beginning of successful products is creative idea. The very first step of new product development process is the generation of product ideas. There are two factors that can affect the promotion of a product INTERNAL FACTORS EXTERNAL FACTORS Figure 7: Types of Factors 1. INTERNAL FACTORS- These are in company sources of product idea generation. There are four such possible sources, such as: 1. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2. MANUFACTURING PEOPLE 3. SALES PEOPLE 4. TOP MANAGEMENT 2. EXTERNAL FACTORS- External Factors are those factors that are outside the company. These help in developing the new thinking. It involves consumers, competitors, reseller etc. It Includes: 1. SECONDARY IMFORMATION 2. CONSUMERS 3. RESELLERS 4. INVENTORS 5. COMPETITORS 6. FOREIGN MARKETS 7. CARTOON AND ANIMATIONS FILMS 8. OTHER SOURCES 1. SECONDARY INFORMATION- Most of the business magazines and newspapers have a new product section which provides important information about new product. 2. CONSUMERS- Customers are very important source of new product ideas. The customers suggestions and complaints are good source of new ideas. A company can arrange meetings of the customers in order to collect information regarding their problems and solutions. 3. RESELLERS- Resellers are integral part firms marketing system. They have close contact with the consumers and well aware about the market changes.Therefore, they can easily suggest fruitful ideas of new products. 4. INVENTORS- Most of the companies remain in regular contact with the inventors for new product ideas. Scientists and Engineers can be a key source of technological innovations and new product ideas from outside the company. 5. COMPETITORS- Manufactures must establish a formal procedure for monitoring the new product activities of their competitors. Competitors product mix also help ingenerating the new product ideas. 6. FOREIGN MARKETS- Every country is known for certain product or products. For example: Germany-Steel cars; France-Wine; Italy-Leather products etc. Therefore, for new products ideas one can visits the foreign markets. 7. CARTOON AND ANIMATION- The producers and writers of animation films develop and show various animated products and ideas in there films which become a good source of new products ideas. 8. OTHER FACTORS There are many other sources from where, we can collect the new products ideas, such as: (i) Technical universities, engineering collages, government research laboratories and private research organization. (ii) Industrial consultants, trade associations, advertising agencies. (iii) International trade fairs, exhibition and technical collaborations. (iv) Supplier of raw material, new product consultants etc. (v) Brainstorming sessions of the management and technicians. CONCLUSION There are two Factors that are can affect the promotion of a company. First is INTERNAL AND second is EXTERNAL. Here we explain EXTERNAL FACTORS. In Many ways these factors are helpful the promotion of the Company. Q6. Explain the term Marketing objectives and analyse them in relation to a Promotional Campaign? MEANING OF MARKETING: The meaning of marketing has changed and evolved in the modern world. The Marketing defines as The Process of Management which is responsible for satisfying, identifying and anticipating customer requirements profitability. Now-a-days marketing is based on providing continual benefits to the consumers, these benefits will be provided and a transactional exchange will take place. MARKETING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION: MARKETING OBJECTIVE is a term which tells us that what the organization is trying to achieve through its marketing activities during a specific period. Roles of Marketing Objectives in relations to the Promotional Campaign:- Campaign is an activity which demands systematic planning. Promotional Campaign can be made successful if marketing objectives are determined or set properly. Following process can get the campaign off to the right start: THERE ARE SEVEN STEPS: ASSESS MARKETING COMMUNICATION OPPORTUNITIES USE OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS DEVELOPING THE PROMOTIONAL MESSAGE DEVELOPING THE PROMOTIONAL BUDGET DETERMINE CAMPAIGN EFFECTIVENESS DETERMINATION OF OBJECTIVES DEVELOPING THE PROMOTIONAL MIX Figure 8: Steps of Marketing Campaign. Assess Marketing Communication Opportunities. It is very important to review and understand the needs of the market, market consumer, competition of the products, current users, decision-makers, groups and the general public. What Communication Channels Will You Use In the first step of planning everyone should have defined markets, products in the markets and environments of the consumer and the product. The information of these types able to assist in deciding which communication channels will be most beneficial for the organization and their products. Determine Your Objectives One should have to consider that the objectives of a promotional campaign are different from marketing campaign. Promotional campaign analyzes the behaviors of those people, who have been exposed to your promotional communication. Determine Your Promotion Mix to determine promotion MIX one should have to allocate resources among sales promotion, publicity, advertising, publicity, E-marketing and personal selling. Develop Your Promotional Message To develop promotional message for the product and organization, there is need to sit with the team members, special attentions on the contents of the product, format, structure, content and source of the message. Develop the Promotion Budget The most exciting part of the campaign is Promotion Budget. At this stage we need to determine the total promotion budget. The steps involved in these stages are: 1. Determining cost breakdowns per territory and 2. Promotional mix elements. Determine Campaign Effectiveness After following all the steps of the marketing campaign, the promotional plan must be formal defined in a written document. In this document you should need to specify situation analysis, copy of the platform, timetables for the events and effective integration of the promotional elements with elements in your marketing mix. CONCLUSION Thus we can say that Role of marketing objectives is very important in relation to promotional campaign. There are many different steps these are helpful in market objectives. Q7. Describe Primary and Secondary research and explain the benefits and drawbacks associated with these research methods? As per my opinion, Primary and Secondary research are the difference in conducting the research. PRIMARY RESEARCH: In Primary research, there is no information available for the researcher; thats why researcher has to start from scratches and hypothetical views. BENEFITS OF PRIMARY RESEARCH Quick and cheap if your sample is small Computer code-able for quick analysis and repetition Coding enables multiple comparisons among variables Allows generalization views to a larger population Verifiable by replication and re-questioning of interviewees/respondents DRAWBACKS OF PRIMARY RESEARCH Using a large sample can be time-consuming Large number of research loses unique meaning and case study data of the specific area. This process takes long time and can be very expensive. If the interpretation of the question changes, this leads to change in the overall result. Researchers can bias the data by concept definition and question framing We cannot judge the honesty of the responding people. SECONDARY RESEARCH In Secondary research, the researcher has the primary research collected data available. These research data are made available from other publications or reports, like newspaper, books and annual reports of companies. In the secondary research there is no need to start from scratch. BENEFITS OF SECONDARY RESEARCH Low cost to acquire and Easy to access E.g. Library, journals. Clear views about the Research Questions. Easy to conduct research on the question and provide specific result. DRAWBACKS OF SECONDARY RESEARCH Lack of consistency and Quality of research. Cannot check Biases and Inaccuracy. Incomplete Information and Expensive charges for full research. The concern over whether any data can be totally separated from the context of its collection CONCLUSION Thus, we have two research First is Primary and second Secondary Research. Primary research is that in which data are not available firstly data should be collect. In Secondary research data are available; there is no need to collect the data. Data prepared by other organization. 8Explain the source of Information that are available to Business? INTRODUCTION Business information encompasses a high range of sources that people involved in the world of commerce can turn to for data on and discussion of business-related subjects. These sources, which can provided from daily newspapers , financial magazines to professional associates, colleagues, and social contacts, can be invaluable in helping small business owners to tackle various aspects of operations, such as marketing, Research, product forecasting, and competitive analysis. There are two types of source of Information: INTERNAL BUSINESS INFORMATION EXTERNAL BUSINESS INFORMATION Research and Development Manufacturing People Sales People Top management Print Information Television and radio Information Online Information CD Rom Information INTERNAL INFORMATION EXTERNAL INFORMATION Figure 9: Types of Sources. INTERNAL INFORMATION: These are in business information of product idea generation. There is four such possible information such as: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Almost all big companies have Research and Development Department. This department is responsible for developing new product idea after proper market research and improving the existing products. MANUFACTURING PEOPLE Engineers, scientists and skilled workers who manufacture product often have ideas about product improvement. They do come out with new product ideas, because that is in regular contact with the business-its nature, product, quality etc. SALES PEOPLE Company sales persons can also be a good source of new product ideas. These people know what customers are not getting and what customers want. TOP MANAGEMENT In fact, it is the responsibility of the top management to explore new product ideas. Their idea can be good because they precisely know about the company needs and resources. EXTERNAL INFORMATION: External information can be obtained from printed material AND broadcast reports PRINT INFORMATION The category of print information ranges from large number of books and journals, Newspapers, newsletters and microfilms. TELEVISION AND RADIO MEDIA Broadcasting media might be least helpful for the small business owner. ONLINE INFORMATION There is huge demand of online information in todays world. This is a powerful way to get and access information speedly and many ways and in many types. The computer to store, organize and disseminate vast amounts of information has truly revolutionized business publishing. Large number of social marketing and information site are available. Large online search systems can help overcome the incredible fragmentation of published information. SECONDARY STORAGE INFORMATION Secondary memories like, CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory), hard drives, DVD, Blue-rays are popular alternative to online services. CONCLUSION: Thus, we can say that there are many information sources available in business. There is INTERNAL and EXTERNAL Information Available in business. Internal Information is under the business. It is Flexible as well as External Information is under the customers, Producers etc.