Marketing mix components role in market strategy

Marketing mix components role in market strategy The firms task is to find the best solution for its marketing decisions variables. The settings constitute its MARKETING-MIX. The M-Mix is the framework of policies which are used by the marketer to get success in the field of marketing. The MARKETING MIX in the form of 4Ps is interdependent on each others. The following are the components of Marketing mix: There are four types of components: 1. PRODUCT 2. PRICE 3. PROMOTION 4. PLACE COMPONENTSSS PRODUCT PRICE PROMOTIONON PLACE 1. Pricing Objectives 2. Price Fixation 3. Discount Policy 4. Credit Terms 1. Advertising 2. Sales -Promotions 3. Customer -Aids 4. Sales -Contests 1. Channels 2. Inventory -Level 3. Warehousing 4. Transport -ation 5. Retailing 1. Planning 2. Features 3. Variety 4. Branding 5. Packging 6. Labelling Figure 1: Components of 4ps Marketing Mix. 1. PRODUCT MIX- Product is sum total of tangible and intangible attributes includes product designs, style, size, colour, branding, packaging, labeling etc. Some important variables of Product Mix are explained here: PRODUCT DESIGN PRODUCT LINE PRODUCT QUALITY Figure 2: Important Variables of Product Mix. Product Design: Product must be designed in a manner as desired by the target consumers. Good designing increases sales. It is very important features in consumer products like shoes, readymade garments etc. Product Line: It is a group of closely related product. For example: BPL Co. manufacturing Televisions, Music System, etc. Product Quality: Product Quality depends on design, material used, workmanship etc. The quality can be fixed in terms of; size, weight, colour, shape, flavour etc. 2. PRICE- The value of product expressed in terms of money is known as Price, Buyer and seller can only exchange goods and service on the agreed price. Some important variables of PRICE MIX are explained here: Pricing policies and strategies Terms of credit Resale price maintenance Profit margin Figure 3: Important Variables of Price Mix. Pricing policies and strategies: The pricing policies and strategies are the guidelines which helps the producer in determining the price as to match the market needs. The price is depends upon factors like demand, cost, competition, nature etc. Terms of credit: To increase the sales, credit sales are necessary. Credit sales is necessary to run the business it certainly increases the profitability. It is decided on types of customers. Resale price maintenance: It removes price competition and increases the goodwill of the firm. Resale price maintenance is a practice and a source to earn money. Profit margin: Profit margin is a difference between the final price paid by a customer and cost of production .This include margin of retailer, wholesaler and the producer. 3. PROMOTION- Promotion is a mean by which marketer talk to its existing and potential customers. It is a mixture of communication. Promotion efforts can be Personal or Impersonal. It is depend on customers acceptance. Some Important variables of promotion mix are explained ere: PERSONAL SELLING TRADE FAIRS PUBLIC RELATIONS SALES PROMOTION Figure 4: Important Variables of Promotion Mix. Personal selling: An oral communication between a firm and its customers is known as Personal selling. In order to make best use of sale force, proper policies should be prepare regarding selection, training, recruitment, motivation and controlling. Sales Promotion: A bridge between advertising and personal selling is known as Sales promotion. Trade fairs: Trade fairs are the places where manufactures and dealers gathered for selling their products. Public Relations: It is an attempt to achieve good relation with public. Public Include: customers, banks, shareholders, suppliers, competitors etc. 4. PLACE- The smooth flow of goods and its services from the manufacturer to consumer by creating under time and to the proper place is known as Place Mix. Some Important variables of promotion mix are: TRANSPORTATION WAREHOUSING INVENTORY LEVELS DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION Figure 5: Important Variables of Promotion Mix. CONCLUSION Thus, there are four types of components of MARKETING MIX. They are helpful in different ways to design the market strategy. Top summaries about the 4ps Marketing mix, there are some bullet points to remember, as follows: 4Ps are interdependent on each other( each depend on others) 4Ps constitute your Marketing Strategy. Independent Variables ( We can Control These) Product is only one P. Sales Volume is the dependent variable. Q2: Explain the importance of segmentation? Justify yours arguments with examples? INTRODUCTION: Market segmentation is the sub-division of a market into homogeneous subsets of customers. It is the strategy of dividing markets in order to conquer them. It is consumer-oriented. In this supply is bended according to demand. Thus, every area of market can be addressed with a targeted marketing mix. Importance of Segmentation: Knowledge of Market Opportunities Knowledge of Customers Needs Increase Of Sales volume Better assessment Of the competition Proper Allocation Of Resources Adjustments in Products Helpful in Advertising Beneficial for consumers Figure 6: Types of Segmentation. There are five importances of segmentations: 1. Knowledge of market opportunities- With the help of market segmentation Marketers are in a better position to locate and compare the opportunities of market. E.g. In rural area there is less scope for sports facilities so the marketers can readjust their strategy. 2. Proper allocation of resources- Segmentation lead to proper allocation of resources because customer is the focus of all marketing efforts therefore he can allocate his limited financial resources according to the needs of different segments. 3. Knowledge of customers needs- All marketing activities are directed towards the satisfaction of consumer. With the help of segmentation it becomes easy to measure the level of segmentation in easy segment and also to make improvements in the segmentation level. 4. Increase in sales volume- The market producer can increases his sales volume by segment with the help of knowing demand pattern of the product. E.g. Clinic All Clear manufacturers provide variety of shampoos like clinic all clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo clinic all clear for men for its different customers. 5. Better assessment of the competition- These segmentation of market helps in assessing correctly the strength and weakness of the competitors. It also helps to know the level of competition in each segment. If the competitors has stronghold any segments, there is no use in wasting resources on such segments. 6. Adjustment in products- Under market segmentation marketers can easily make finer adjustments in their products and market communication according to the change in taste, need, nature and income of the consumers . 7. Helpful in advertising- With the help of market segmentation consumers through effective advertising media then the choices, habits, preferences, needs of different buyer groups are duly recognized. 8. Beneficial for consumers- Segment results in product wars between the giant manufacturers. E.g. Coca-Cola Vs Pepsi, Polo Vs Mint, Colgate Vs Close Up and so on. Other Importance of Market Segmentation: By focusing the relevant segments, marketers can get benefits very accurately. In market segmentation, a marketer is able to create new market for his products. Segmentation also helps in best allocation of marketing budget. By segmentation the producer, the working of different intermediaries or the distribution channels can be effectively evaluated. CONCLUSION: Thus, we conclude that MARKET SEGMENTATION helps the manufacturers and the marketers to match their products with the real needs of the consumers groups. It is Beneficial for customers. It is helpful to Increase in sales volume. Q3.Choose a product of your own choice and how does branding helps to promote this product? INTRODUCTION: Branding is a process by which a product is branded. It is a process of stamping a product with the some identifies name and mark. It means giving a distinct individuality to a product. Branding gives a specified name to a product or group of products of one seller. Branding gives the product individuality. MEANING OF BRANDING: A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design used to identify the product of one firm and to differentiate them from the products of the competitors. A brand is an integral part of the symbol appearing on the product. Once the business start running on full stream, branding helps a lot in sense of strategy. To lead to this discussion I am going to discuss on footwear (shoes) as my product for this. There are different types of brand in footwear market and depth of each of these brands is extremely deep, but to make this discussion be specific I like to specifically talk on one brand named NIKE. Analysis of Nike Brand: Nike is a group of companies and distribution of footwear, cloths and sports products. They manufacture and distribute more than 200 models of footwear, spanning specialties in many sports, from running, basketball, to soccer and baseball cleats, to golf.   Each product of Nike is current, stylish and sleek.  Nike is an equipment, shoe and athletic apparel company.   Most of their customers are high performance athletes. They also are consistent with who does not fit their target market most of us!   Basically, Nike has built an international enterprise around top performing athletes.   There are more than 100 athletes signed on and wearing Nike product for promotions and marketing. The success and performance of the Nike is represented by athletes are their target market.   Nike obviously meets their needs.  To meet their target market they do such a good job, in fact, it has brought some criticism.   There is large number of shoe manufacturer and handful of them is easily recognizable, I would like to say it is quite up and down in the shoe business. In the market of pricing, Nike is always in line with their competitors. Most of competitors against Nike are Adidas, Reebok, New Balance, and many others, depending on the specific need.   This is very common now-a-days for the high ambitious competitors and surprising as they could receive more of a premium for their product. Nike uses some psychological techniques to boost their marketing with the name of brands. As Nike brand is very reliable and soft. They offer majority of warranties of the product with make trust bond between customer and company, and attract more customers. As they offer the best product in the market, once a customer bought product they do verbal marketing after using the product, which helps the company in sales and more profitable. Nike organizes events for their customer and offer vouchers on the limited sales which attract more customers for future. Nike provides more than 300 of styles and provides choices to customers. In terms of distribution, Nike has found all the right places.  Sports retailers such JJb sports, sports Direct, Sports Authority and some of the branded sole traders are common places to find them.  As the modern world come to online selling, now Nike starts providing home delivery to their customers under their budget prices. Nike manufacture shoes in the season and try to sell within the season with the new modified pieces for next seasons, if they found out of season and out of production, they starts selling on discount outlets for the clearance purpose. This strategy provides Nike product to the customer who are unable to buy product in the season because of high prices. CONCLUTION:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After analyzing Nike strategies, marketing mix, the product and promotion of Nike is admirable. These techniques show us that with an edge towards excellence, any branded product can achieve dominance. Q4. Carry out the SWOT analysis for a company of your own choice? INTRODUCTION: SWOT stands for: S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITY T-THREAT To analyse the concept of SWOT, I studied NOKIA Corporation. In the Telecommunication equipment market Nokia Corporation named in worlds largest manufactures. It has since established a leading brand presence in many local markets. GSM, CDMA and WCDMA are the common known mobile communication equipments offered by NOKIA in the current market. Not only electronic satellite but mobile phone infrastructure and many other telecommunications equipments such as broadband access, professional mobile radio, traditional voice telephony, wireless LAN, ISDN, voice over IP and a line of satellite receivers. SWOT Analysis of the Company: Nokia Strengths: Nokia has very strong financial aspects, with much more profits in the business. It has largest network of distribution and selling as compared to other mobile phone company in the world. It is backed with the high quality and professional team in the HRD Dept. The product being user friendly and have all the accessories one want that is why is in great demand making it No-1 selling mobile phones in the world. There are many choices of products available for all class. There are many good prices of second hand NOKIA mobile phones compared to other mobile phones. Weakness: After analyzing Nokia, we found out about lots of strengths and some weakness. The cost of the product offered by company is one of them. Some of the technology used by NOKIA is not user friendly, which is not helping the targeted customers. The price of the product is another main issue. There are very few service centers for the Nokia product repairs, which cause to bad service after sale. Opportunity: Nokia has large number of opportunity to increase its business in international market. With the large number of different types of products, mixer of features and wide selection price range for all people, it has an advantage over the competitors around. Nokia has to target right customer at right time to gain the most out of the situation according to the standard of living in the world, which will increased the purchasing power of the people and sales market of the company. Threats: As every company has to face many crisis and threats in their marketing, financial and development, Nokia also has to face many threats to tackle to maintain its position as market leader in the international market. The common threats for Nokia is like emerging of other telecommunication companies in the international market with huge range of product. The companies like Sony Ericsson, Apple (iPhone), Blackberry (Smartphone), Android, Motorola and Cingular (U.S) etc. These companies have come to the stand of tough competition with Nokia in the field of Mobile Phones. Threats for Nokia from others include, providing cheap phones, new style and type, new features, good services after sale etc. So, Nokia has to keep in mind that there are many growing competitors around the world and how to take over them. CONCLUSION In SWOT Analyses we know about the STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITY, THREATS of the company. Here we choose NOKIA Company. STRENGTH and WEAKNESS are inside the company. OPPORTUNITY and THREAT are outside the company. Q5Anylyse the external factors that can affect the promotion of a product? INTRODUCTION: The Beginning of successful products is creative idea. The very first step of new product development process is the generation of product ideas. There are two factors that can affect the promotion of a product INTERNAL FACTORS EXTERNAL FACTORS Figure 7: Types of Factors 1. INTERNAL FACTORS- These are in company sources of product idea generation. There are four such possible sources, such as: 1. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2. MANUFACTURING PEOPLE 3. SALES PEOPLE 4. TOP MANAGEMENT 2. EXTERNAL FACTORS- External Factors are those factors that are outside the company. These help in developing the new thinking. It involves consumers, competitors, reseller etc. It Includes: 1. SECONDARY IMFORMATION 2. CONSUMERS 3. RESELLERS 4. INVENTORS 5. COMPETITORS 6. FOREIGN MARKETS 7. CARTOON AND ANIMATIONS FILMS 8. OTHER SOURCES 1. SECONDARY INFORMATION- Most of the business magazines and newspapers have a new product section which provides important information about new product. 2. CONSUMERS- Customers are very important source of new product ideas. The customers suggestions and complaints are good source of new ideas. A company can arrange meetings of the customers in order to collect information regarding their problems and solutions. 3. RESELLERS- Resellers are integral part firms marketing system. They have close contact with the consumers and well aware about the market changes.Therefore, they can easily suggest fruitful ideas of new products. 4. INVENTORS- Most of the companies remain in regular contact with the inventors for new product ideas. Scientists and Engineers can be a key source of technological innovations and new product ideas from outside the company. 5. COMPETITORS- Manufactures must establish a formal procedure for monitoring the new product activities of their competitors. Competitors product mix also help ingenerating the new product ideas. 6. FOREIGN MARKETS- Every country is known for certain product or products. For example: Germany-Steel cars; France-Wine; Italy-Leather products etc. Therefore, for new products ideas one can visits the foreign markets. 7. CARTOON AND ANIMATION- The producers and writers of animation films develop and show various animated products and ideas in there films which become a good source of new products ideas. 8. OTHER FACTORS There are many other sources from where, we can collect the new products ideas, such as: (i) Technical universities, engineering collages, government research laboratories and private research organization. (ii) Industrial consultants, trade associations, advertising agencies. (iii) International trade fairs, exhibition and technical collaborations. (iv) Supplier of raw material, new product consultants etc. (v) Brainstorming sessions of the management and technicians. CONCLUSION There are two Factors that are can affect the promotion of a company. First is INTERNAL AND second is EXTERNAL. Here we explain EXTERNAL FACTORS. In Many ways these factors are helpful the promotion of the Company. Q6. Explain the term Marketing objectives and analyse them in relation to a Promotional Campaign? MEANING OF MARKETING: The meaning of marketing has changed and evolved in the modern world. The Marketing defines as The Process of Management which is responsible for satisfying, identifying and anticipating customer requirements profitability. Now-a-days marketing is based on providing continual benefits to the consumers, these benefits will be provided and a transactional exchange will take place. MARKETING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION: MARKETING OBJECTIVE is a term which tells us that what the organization is trying to achieve through its marketing activities during a specific period. Roles of Marketing Objectives in relations to the Promotional Campaign:- Campaign is an activity which demands systematic planning. Promotional Campaign can be made successful if marketing objectives are determined or set properly. Following process can get the campaign off to the right start: THERE ARE SEVEN STEPS: ASSESS MARKETING COMMUNICATION OPPORTUNITIES USE OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS DEVELOPING THE PROMOTIONAL MESSAGE DEVELOPING THE PROMOTIONAL BUDGET DETERMINE CAMPAIGN EFFECTIVENESS DETERMINATION OF OBJECTIVES DEVELOPING THE PROMOTIONAL MIX Figure 8: Steps of Marketing Campaign. Assess Marketing Communication Opportunities. It is very important to review and understand the needs of the market, market consumer, competition of the products, current users, decision-makers, groups and the general public. What Communication Channels Will You Use In the first step of planning everyone should have defined markets, products in the markets and environments of the consumer and the product. The information of these types able to assist in deciding which communication channels will be most beneficial for the organization and their products. Determine Your Objectives One should have to consider that the objectives of a promotional campaign are different from marketing campaign. Promotional campaign analyzes the behaviors of those people, who have been exposed to your promotional communication. Determine Your Promotion Mix to determine promotion MIX one should have to allocate resources among sales promotion, publicity, advertising, publicity, E-marketing and personal selling. Develop Your Promotional Message To develop promotional message for the product and organization, there is need to sit with the team members, special attentions on the contents of the product, format, structure, content and source of the message. Develop the Promotion Budget The most exciting part of the campaign is Promotion Budget. At this stage we need to determine the total promotion budget. The steps involved in these stages are: 1. Determining cost breakdowns per territory and 2. Promotional mix elements. Determine Campaign Effectiveness After following all the steps of the marketing campaign, the promotional plan must be formal defined in a written document. In this document you should need to specify situation analysis, copy of the platform, timetables for the events and effective integration of the promotional elements with elements in your marketing mix. CONCLUSION Thus we can say that Role of marketing objectives is very important in relation to promotional campaign. There are many different steps these are helpful in market objectives. Q7. Describe Primary and Secondary research and explain the benefits and drawbacks associated with these research methods? As per my opinion, Primary and Secondary research are the difference in conducting the research. PRIMARY RESEARCH: In Primary research, there is no information available for the researcher; thats why researcher has to start from scratches and hypothetical views. BENEFITS OF PRIMARY RESEARCH Quick and cheap if your sample is small Computer code-able for quick analysis and repetition Coding enables multiple comparisons among variables Allows generalization views to a larger population Verifiable by replication and re-questioning of interviewees/respondents DRAWBACKS OF PRIMARY RESEARCH Using a large sample can be time-consuming Large number of research loses unique meaning and case study data of the specific area. This process takes long time and can be very expensive. If the interpretation of the question changes, this leads to change in the overall result. Researchers can bias the data by concept definition and question framing We cannot judge the honesty of the responding people. SECONDARY RESEARCH In Secondary research, the researcher has the primary research collected data available. These research data are made available from other publications or reports, like newspaper, books and annual reports of companies. In the secondary research there is no need to start from scratch. BENEFITS OF SECONDARY RESEARCH Low cost to acquire and Easy to access E.g. Library, journals. Clear views about the Research Questions. Easy to conduct research on the question and provide specific result. DRAWBACKS OF SECONDARY RESEARCH Lack of consistency and Quality of research. Cannot check Biases and Inaccuracy. Incomplete Information and Expensive charges for full research. The concern over whether any data can be totally separated from the context of its collection CONCLUSION Thus, we have two research First is Primary and second Secondary Research. Primary research is that in which data are not available firstly data should be collect. In Secondary research data are available; there is no need to collect the data. Data prepared by other organization. 8Explain the source of Information that are available to Business? INTRODUCTION Business information encompasses a high range of sources that people involved in the world of commerce can turn to for data on and discussion of business-related subjects. These sources, which can provided from daily newspapers , financial magazines to professional associates, colleagues, and social contacts, can be invaluable in helping small business owners to tackle various aspects of operations, such as marketing, Research, product forecasting, and competitive analysis. There are two types of source of Information: INTERNAL BUSINESS INFORMATION EXTERNAL BUSINESS INFORMATION Research and Development Manufacturing People Sales People Top management Print Information Television and radio Information Online Information CD Rom Information INTERNAL INFORMATION EXTERNAL INFORMATION Figure 9: Types of Sources. INTERNAL INFORMATION: These are in business information of product idea generation. There is four such possible information such as: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Almost all big companies have Research and Development Department. This department is responsible for developing new product idea after proper market research and improving the existing products. MANUFACTURING PEOPLE Engineers, scientists and skilled workers who manufacture product often have ideas about product improvement. They do come out with new product ideas, because that is in regular contact with the business-its nature, product, quality etc. SALES PEOPLE Company sales persons can also be a good source of new product ideas. These people know what customers are not getting and what customers want. TOP MANAGEMENT In fact, it is the responsibility of the top management to explore new product ideas. Their idea can be good because they precisely know about the company needs and resources. EXTERNAL INFORMATION: External information can be obtained from printed material AND broadcast reports PRINT INFORMATION The category of print information ranges from large number of books and journals, Newspapers, newsletters and microfilms. TELEVISION AND RADIO MEDIA Broadcasting media might be least helpful for the small business owner. ONLINE INFORMATION There is huge demand of online information in todays world. This is a powerful way to get and access information speedly and many ways and in many types. The computer to store, organize and disseminate vast amounts of information has truly revolutionized business publishing. Large number of social marketing and information site are available. Large online search systems can help overcome the incredible fragmentation of published information. SECONDARY STORAGE INFORMATION Secondary memories like, CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory), hard drives, DVD, Blue-rays are popular alternative to online services. CONCLUSION: Thus, we can say that there are many information sources available in business. There is INTERNAL and EXTERNAL Information Available in business. Internal Information is under the business. It is Flexible as well as External Information is under the customers, Producers etc.

Global Warming Essay

The Global Warming theory has become increasingly popular over the past few years. Citizens of the world are being encouraged to be more environmentally conscious by others including politicians, celebrities, and world organizations. The problem with the theory lies in the fact that it has become more and more controversial as it gains publicity and attention. The basic concept behind this theory is that the earth was made with a balance of â€Å"greenhouse gasses†. These gasses are naturally occurring within the atmosphere and they essentially make the planet habitable by keeping it warm. When the world became more industrialized, the amount of carbon dioxide that was being emitted into the atmosphere increased. In the past hundred years or so, that number has more or less skyrocketed when compared to the previous amount due to the invention and mass distribution of automobiles, aircraft, trains, and boats. The surplus of greenhouse gasses are beyond what the earth can store and are creating a pseudo blanket around the world. The earth has thence become more and more hot, â€Å"†¦the globe has heated up by about one degree Fahrenheit over the past century—and it has heated up more intensely over the past two decades. † (IPCC, 2001) To be able to correctly put that into perspective one must have the knowledge that the temperature difference between the ice age and current times is nine degrees. The potential repercussions of the increase in global temperature include more intense storms, more severe droughts, and rising sea levels. There are several ways to have a more positive impact on the environment. Everything from buying more energy efficient cars to helping control the population has the potential to help reduce the effects of global warming. One of the largest contributors to the increase in global temperature in the past century has been the ever expanding population. It is a simple math problem, if one person produces too many greenhouse gasses and then proceeds to have seven children, the greenhouse emissions with increase even more so. The more people habituating the planet, the more potential there is for emission of greenhouse gasses. In short, the basis of this argument other than years of documented research and scientific discovery is what harm could we do by being more conservative in our use of energy and other entities that produce more than their share of greenhouse gasses? The answer as it stands now is none. The harmful effects of ignoring this crisis are all but proven fact. The problem that the pro- global warming theorists have created is that of social standing and little else. While there may be scientific backing to support some of the theory, the media presents the problem with great sensationalism. Global warming and energy conservation has thus become a trend and losses some of its validity through this. The scare tactics used by the media to â€Å"promote awareness† are just that, a linguistic ploy to gain favor. â€Å"Awareness of this global threat reinforced public concern and environmental problems and thereby provided environmental activists, scientists, and policy makers with new momentum in their efforts to promote environmental protection. (McCright, 2000) This statement draws line to the potential benefits that would be received if the pro-global warming theorists were to draw enough attention to the issue. Driven by social empowerment and conviction to environmental protection, these activists misrepresent the actual threat and paint it as being much more intense and imminent than the scientific evidence concludes. The fact that the planet’s temperature is ever changing is solid, however there is no solid proof that humans are responsible for this rise. The earth’s temperature has experienced extreme highs and lows throughout its millions of years in existence and we as humans understand little about what has caused those fluctuation. If humans did not exist billions of years ago, yet the temperature still changed dramatically, then why is it that scientists’ claim that humans are the cause for this current phenomena? The answer to that question is unknown however one could make the assumption that it may be due to our lack of understanding about the way in which carbon dioxide exists in the atmosphere. The public has no easy access to this information therefore it is easily forgotten or removed from the argument. Global warming is a theory that has been wildly blown out of proportion. Media backing and celebrity endorsements combined with political scare tactics have been used to create the sense of responsibility in this matter. The true concern is being masked by the â€Å"solution† that is being presented to the world. The supposed solution to the global warming theorists is to conserve. The real issue at hand is discovery. Science must be perfected or at least further tested before conclusions can be drawn. While evidence exists on both sides, the side that acknowledges the existence of global warming at least has the appearance of more science on its side. The publicity brought to global warming can have the ability to cause people to accept it as fact rather than simply a theory. That being said, it is the belief of this writer that the pro-global warming theory is more valid than the anti-global warming theory. This conclusion was made mostly due to the distrust that this student grew for the anti-global warming supporters. The anti-side invalidates their own arguments by using some basic fallacious thinking and aggressive tactics. Many of the websites and other sources to gain knowledge about the potential non-threat of global warming are extremist and use many common fallacies. For example, here is an excerpt from just one of the many anti-global warming websites available to all on the World Wide Web, â€Å"We all know that the artificial construct known as â€Å"cap and trade† is nothing more than a fraud to get companies to pay more taxes. It will have very little, to no, impact on CO2 levels, much less global warming. † (Casey, 2009). The author assumes that the â€Å"cap and trade† issue is universally known and understood which a fallacy of hasty generalization is. The second flaw in that particular argument is that it appears to be an argument of outrage in the sense that it degrades the government and paints them to be money hungry and unconcerned with the well-being of its peoples. Websites against global warming take personal attacks at the politicians or celebrities who endorse the idea of global warming. While these personal attacks may hold some general truth, they do not address that person’s ability to become involved with an organization to create awareness for global warming. Personal attacks are used to dissuade the American public from siding with the pro-global warming theory. Celebrities are often used as spokespeople for different causes and charities, but they do not embody what they are speaking for. They are solely a resource to raise awareness to the general population. While it may be true that some scientific evidence has been withheld or not made as accessible to the general population due to its potential harm to the pro-global warming theory, this writer has not been dissuaded from her former school of thought. It is very true that there are more humans on the planet than there were many years ago. It is also true that humans now use more advanced technology that have the tendency to produce a lot of carbon dioxide. The link between what we understand about humans and their production habits and the atmosphere may be blurry, but the question remains, why not conserve? In conclusion, the moral of the global warming story is moderation. Little personal changes may affect the way in which the world climate is changing but if they do not, what harm would we have done? Riding a bike to work or walking to school not only reduces the amount of carbon dioxide being produced, it saves that person money. Global warming may not be as big a threat as the media makes it out to be, but there is scientific evidence supporting the fact that it just may be a threat. Global Warming Essay Global Warming is an issue that concerns almost everybody worldwide: it is the primary cause for the erratic and sometimes devastating weather that is experienced around the world. Global warming is causing the rise in sea level which in turn causes the flooding of coastal areas and areas with low elevation. Is global warming really happening today? Scientists with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) believe it is so (Mank, 2005). It is indisputable that there has been a rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere during the last century, which scientists think may be one of the causes of global warming. The climate change however is not a direct result of the rise in greenhouse gases. Will global warming spell doom for our world? Scientists believe this to be so. â€Å"Much depends on what actions we take now and in the coming years. † Meteorologist Jagadish Shukla of the University of Maryland found out that deforestation would cause rainfall in the Amazon River to decline by more than 26 percent from the current 2. 5 m. to about 1. 8 m. a year (Bellamy & Gifford, 2000). At the same time, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which are hazardous to the atmosphere. Findings show that a single smokestack may produce as much as 500 tons of sulfur dioxide a day. When these gases combine with oxygen and moisture, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is formed. The rain will carry the acids to the ground (acid rain) which may cause the depletion of calcium and magnesium in the soil, elements needed by plants for the formation of chlorophyll and wood, or it may cause the release of aluminum in the soil, which are poisonous and can kill the roots of trees (Carwardine, 2000). This study intent to: (1) know the effect of global warming worldwide thus knowing the global warming and doomsday and; (2) widen our knowledge about the ozone slayer and do the humans are the reasons of causing global warming or if its just a natural process that the earth goes through. II. Literature Review Ozone is an unstable oxygen that occurs naturally in the atmosphere (also called isothermal region), the upper portion of the atmosphere above 7 miles where clouds are rare. The ozone layer absorbs the dangerous ultraviolet-B (UV-B) rays while it allows the needed safe light to pass through. Though easily broken down by other gases in the stratosphere, it is constantly being repaired by the sun’s rays. However, man is destroying the ozone layer which serves as a protective umbrella against the sun’s harmful rays. In fact, the ozone layer is destroyed faster than the sun’s rays can produce it. It is being destroyed by industrial gases like CFCs (Johnston, 2000). CFCs was discovered by Thomas Widgley Jr. , a chemist working at the Frigidaire Division of General Motors but were discovered hazardous in 1974—only after 44 years of use, used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners and aerosol propellants in spray cans, medical sterilizers, cleaning solvents for electronic components and raw materials for making plastic foams such as coffee cups. CFCs are estimated to account for 14 percent of global warming. It is dismaying to know that ozone depletion can be found in the south (Antarctica) and north (Greenland) poles (Dolan, 2006). According to British scientist Joe Farman, 40 percent of ozone depletion can be found in the South Pole. At the South Pole is a huge vortex with clouds composed of tiny ice particles, giving chlorine millions of tiny spaces through which it can perform its deadly dance with ozone even faster (Simpson, 2000). Both holes at the poles are seasonal, opening and closing each year. In the northern hemisphere, a more populous region, ozone depletion rate is between three percent and seven percent for 17 years, as compared previously to only three percent for100 years. On the other hand, what are the effects of Ultraviolet-B rays to human beings and the ecosystem in general? To humans, they can cause skin cancer and cataract and damage the immune system. To the ecosystem, they can kill planktons (basic element of the ocean food chain), destroy plant life and crops and change global wind and weather patterns. In 1978, Canada, Sweden, the United States and other countries banned the use of CFCs in aerosols. However, other uses of CFCs were found, effecting an increase in its production. The US still uses one-fourth of the world’s annual supply of CFCs (Turner, 2000). However, in September 1987, 24 nations cooperated for the first time to solve this environmental problem and passed the Montreal Protocol. The agreement issued a call for developed nations to freeze the use and production of CFCs while cutting 50 percent of use and production by 1999. Still, the CFCs currently rising through the troposphere will take seven to 10 years to drift up to the stratosphere. The troposphere is the portion of the atmosphere that is below the stratosphere, extending outward about seven to 10 miles from the earth’s surface (Bellamy & Gifford, 2000). III. Methodology In order to accomplish this study, the researcher used two different methods to make the investigation more informative, accurate, and successful. Aside from gathering information through internet, the researcher gathered information through statistics, charts, and observation. IV. Results and analysis During the earliest times, the life-styles of our ancestors were very simple. The air they breathed was clean. The streams were clear and free of harmful organisms. They used natural fertilizers for their agricultural crops. The surroundings were free of household throwaways. Today, there has been a tremendous growth in science and technology. Such advances have brought about changes in terms of new products, improved equipment, and more effective methodologies. Unfortunately, this same technology which made life easier for us produced wastes which are now affecting the quality of our surrounding, air, water, and land. Factories and motor vehicles send tons of pollutants into our air. Excessive air pollution poses a danger to our health and environment. It can likewise cause stunted growth and even death to our plants. Out streams are polluted by discharges from industrial plants that use chemicals. Garbage and sink wastes are carelessly thrown in our surroundings. Synthetic fertilizers and insecticides pollute our land and farm products (Johnston, 2000). At the same time, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which are hazardous to the atmosphere. Findings show that a single smokestack may produce as much as 500 tons of sulfur dioxide a day. When these gases combine with oxygen and moisture, sulfuric acid and nitric acid are formed (Jenner, 1999). The rain will carry the acids to the ground (acid rain) which may cause the depletion of calcium and magnesium in the soil, elements needed by plants for the formation of chlorophyll and wood, or it may cause the release of aluminum in the soil, which are poisonous and can kill the roots of trees. Moreover, nitrous oxide or â€Å"laughing gas’ is a colorless gas with a sweet taste and odor that is used as an anesthetic in minor surgery that H2O is responsible for about 6 percent of the human contributes to greenhouse warming. Methane or â€Å"cow gas,† on the other hand, makes up about 18 percent of human contributions to greenhouse effect. Cattle, sheep, goats, and other cud-chewing animals give off methane, in burps and flatulence as they digest (Cairncross, 2002). Experts said that what is happening right now is not a matter of adding a few degrees to the average temperature of a community. A rise of this magnitude may cause life, for without the environment, creatures on earth cannot survive (Davidson, 1999). CFCs are estimated to account for 14 percent of global warming. Experts said that what is happening right now is not a matter of adding a few degrees to the average temperature of a community. A rise of this magnitude may cause life, for without the environment, creatures on earth cannot survive With these, are we all aware of the extent of the damages brought about by modernization? Have we contributed to such environmental dilemma? What have we done to minimize such danger to our lives? How can we take care of our environment? We must undertake measures to preserve our resources and minimize utilization of energy before it’s too late. Our fight against pollution is an initial step toward conserving our environmental resources and energy. We must all join hands for this common goal. If present day emissions of greenhouse gases continue, it is estimated that the rate of increase in global mean temperatures will reach about 0. 30 0C per decade. This will mean a likely increase of 1 0C above the present level by the year 2025, and 30 0C before the end of the next century. A. Resolution a. ) Recycling and Reuse of Solid Wastes Solid wastes are now viewed as a potential resource which must be recovered and reused whenever possible. Since disposal forest resources are rapidly being depleted, recycling solid wastes offer a solution to both. Consider the element phosphorus. Mined from phosphate ores, it is manufactured into fertilizers. It enters the plant tissues and we obtain it when we eat plant as vegetable. This is later excreted and joins the sewage system. The sewage system sludge can be used directly as fertilizer or soil conditioner. Used bottles can be used over and over again. Durable plastic containers can be saved for more household uses. Tires can be recapped and used again. Old clothing materials are used as kitchen towels and bags (see Environment Matters: Industry’s Guide to the Issues, the Challenges and the Solutions, 1999). If the materials cannot be used over several times, then they can be shredded and converted into a new form. Old newspapers are repulped into new paper. Broken glasses are ground and manufactured into new ones. Tires are processed to raw rubber. Protein leftovers are manufactured into animal feeds. b. ) Conserving our Forests Every now and then we receive alarming news about our forests being denuded. Big logging concessionaires indiscriminately cut down trees without undertaking reforestation measures. Without trees, the soil is loosened and rapid erosion occurs. As a result fertile topsoil is washed away, which makes growth of other forms of vegetation almost impossible. We suffer great loss of timber, wildlife, and other forest products. But the greatest danger is the occurrence of floods and global warming that cause losses of food, properties, and lives (Davidson, 1999).

Effects of Media Violence

Text: Devor, Kilbourne, Morgan and Advertisement Final draft – Essay4 EFFECTS OF MEDIA VIOLENCE There is a saying that even bad publicity is still good publicity. This concept of â€Å"publicity† may sound absurd but that is what advertisements are portraying these days. When we see the advertisements, the impact is quite shocking and offensive for a normal viewer. However, this method of advertisement is still the best way to capture the consumer’s attention and increase the sale of products.Some people believe the messages sent out through media are the true representation of the real world they live in. Unfortunately, these messages create gender stereotypes, which have characterized both males and females about how to look and act. Otherwise, they will not be accepted in the society. In the essay of Aaron H Devor, â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender†, he explores the concept of masculinity and femininity that crea tes our sense of identity, and how these gender codes show a relationship to power, dominance and submission.Jean Kilbourne in â€Å"Two Ways a Woman can Hurt: Advertising and Violence† and Joan Morgan in â€Å"From Fly-Girls to Bitches and Hos† argue that how a woman’s image of submission is abused and exploited through the media, leaving women disempowered and marginalized. The attached advertisement â€Å"Ultimate Attraction† provides evidence about what Kilbourne and Morgan mean by exploitation of women in our society. There is an influence that media holds that is inconspicuous by many people.However, media should not have the power to set the standards for the society since they misuse their authority to create a false image of social power that influence people, culture and how we view man’s and woman’s role in our society. Media plays an important role promoting the gender roles in our society. Advertisements, in particular, sell vis ual representations of an ideal man and woman. In other words, media contributes in constructing the image of a man as dominant whereas the woman is a subordinate member of our society.Devor comments, â€Å"conception of gender roles captures the hierarchal and competitive masculine thrust for power, which can but need not, lead to aggression and feminine quest for harmony and communal well being which can but need not ,result in passivity and dependence. [pg 531]† Our society considers that men are superior to women. They attain the true social power, which provides them a freedom to exercise their dominance over woman. For instance, on first look at the attached ad, it clearly portrays that the man possesses all the power over the woman.The ad displays a strong muscular man taking charge of the woman body and exploiting women emotion for his pleasure. Hence, this advertisement shows the dominance of the man over the women and objectifies the woman and her sexual relationshi p with the man. However, we see a lack of true social power, which is usually associated with authority, influence, and control over the other. According to the BMW ad, â€Å"the ultimate attraction† is a fancy car, and women are an attraction but just not the ultimate attraction.In this case, the true social power is possessed by BMW or a corporate entity that influences and controls the emotion of their consumers and further degrades and demeans the role of a woman in our society. These powerful corporations like BMW and others inject the ideas of negative power to men, which provide them with the ultimate freedom to exploit woman and treat them like animals. Kilbourne points out, â€Å"male violence is subtly encouraged by ads that encourages men to be forceful and dominant and to value sexual intimacy more than emotional intimacy. [pg577] sexuality is then a physical expression of the emotional bond between two individuals. When we relate this emotion to an â€Å"ultima te attraction†, we find that there is a physical bond between two people but the essence of love, care and spiritual connection is missing. If we look at the attached ad, the man, covering the face of a woman by a BMW magazine is a display of emotional violence. He is completely ignoring the feelings and emotions of the woman and using her for his satisfaction.That is the reason men have lost respect for women and treat them like sexual objects to be looked at and played with, naughty but legal. Consequently, women feel the need to go to any extent to attract the love and support they desire and allow the media to degrade their image. In a male dominated society, sex sells best. The media tries to capture the attention of consumers by any means. However, is it necessary to degrade the women at such a level? These advertisements indicate the only power woman can carry is through sexuality.Devor suggests, â€Å"Femininity styles of dress likewise display subordinate status thro ugh greater restrictions of the free movement of the body greater exposure of the bare skin, and an emphasis on sexual characteristics. [pg533]† Generally, women are characterized through their clothing but mainly by their body structure. For instance, consider any beauty pageant: the basic requirement to enter in the contest is the body structure of 34, 26, and 34. The girls have to expose their bodies at every level of the contest to succeed. The last thing that determines a winner is how she uses her brain.The beauty of a woman does not lie in her body- the real beauty lies in her heart and soul. However, media ignores this idea and continues to denigrate women in every possible way. For instance, if we look at the attached ad, the man does not care about the woman at all. He is using the girl as an object to satisfy his cravings for the car. Therefore, â€Å"the person becomes an object and violence is inevitable. This step is already taken with women. The violence, the a buse is partly chilling but logical result of objectification. pg585]† and as a result the images of women displayed in these kind of advertisements are an unjust misrepresentations of gender roles. Subsequently, media becomes the root of misinterpretation of power and further controls people’s thoughts and actions, which then leads the dominant members to impose their false authority on the subordinate members of the society. As a result, men hold a dominant position in our society and due to the media exposure, their behavior towards woman is disrespectful and controlling. They use the innocence of the woman as a road to earn money and prove their dominance over them.Real dominance is what we call control or influence over other people. In our society, this concept is associated with that of leadership. Furthermore, whoever possesses this trait is a qualified dominant member of the society. According to Devor, â€Å"In patriarchally organized societies, masculine val ues become the ideological structure of the society as a whole. Masculinity thus become â€Å"innately† valuable and femininity serves a contrapuntal function to delineate and magnify the hierarchical dominance of masculinity. pg534]† A man who appears muscular, tough, strong, aggressive, and independent reflects the true image of a male dominating figure. Our media takes great care when advertising the male stereotype and confirms stereotypical identities as structured by our society. That is what we can see in the attached ad, where a muscular man is taking charge of a woman body, and admiring his passion for a car. However, the ad is also negative towards men. The man shows his attraction for BMW but also shows his helplessness. Although he is dominant and has power over the woman, yet there is not enough power to fulfill his desire for a high status car.In other words, men in our culture have more fear then woman. They hide their emotions and disappointments and ten d to appear dominant. The things they want or fear lead them to exert his pressure over women and overcome the display of their fear. As Morgan points out about rappers, â€Å"many brothers see themselves as powerless when it comes to facing the evils of the larger society, accepting responsibility for their lives, or the lives of their children. †[pg604] This is one of the bitter truths that our society has to face: men are always afraid of commitment.For instance, in American culture, a man is always running away from the bond of marriage and taking a responsibility of his partner. He maintains his relationship until times get hard or he finds another person who is more attractive. This gives the perfect example of their fear that we can see in the rates of failed marriages. The fear of commitment prevents them to keep a healthy relationship among them. Men do not want to confirm the statement that behind every successful man there is a woman behind him. They have an egoist ic nature and that is why they cannot tolerate a woman taking charge of their responsibilities.They fear that if they show their weakness they might lose their reputation and dignity as the dominant member of the society. Therefore, every member male or female has his or her own responsibilities to the society. Due to the social pressure on every individual, they cannot disregard their obligations and responsibilities towards the society. Every gender has a role that they are supposed to follow and media has a great effect in creating these roles that each gender should possess. Each one has to follow the preset norms of their respective gender in a way.However, if anyone dares to break away from the so call gender norm, then our society would show her or him being single out and made fun of him or her for not accepting responsibilities of their gender attributes. Therefore, to avoid these circumstances and maintain the existing hierarchy, our society promotes through media the ster eotypical male and female roles that are introduced to our younger generation at an early stage of their lives. Devor believes, â€Å"the process of learning to think about gender in an adult fashion is one prerequisite to becoming a full member of society. [pg 529] In comic books, a muscular, strong, and brave man is always at the rescue of a helpless woman in trouble. This media portrays that man who possesses all the characteristics of masculinity and knows how to use against the weak becomes a super power. Yet, one of the super heroes says with great power comes great responsibility. However, when men in our society taste this power, they forget their responsibilities as a human being. If we look at the attached ad, we see a woman hands wrapped around the neck of a man, which displays her innocent love, care, and submission.On the other hand, when looking at the dominance of the man over the woman, he is completely ignoring her emotions and feelings by covering her face. That b ehavior is just shallow and irresponsible for a human being, like the other false images of true social power. In addressing the way hip-hop like advertising works on gender representation in popular culture Morgan mentions, â€Å"We desperately need a space to lovingly address the uncomfortable issues of our failing self-esteem, the ways we sexualize and objectify ourselves, our confusion about sex and love and the unhealthy, unloving, unsisterly ways we treat each other. pg606]† Any women who like to keep a healthy relationship, she expects to receive love and respect that she deserves. However, media projects women image as a prostitute and a man treating her like one, creates a negative impact on our society especially for our young generation. Boys assume that every girl is just like a woman in the advertisements. Therefore, they can use them for their pleasure and exude them to play along with another. Consequently, when a girl analyzes that if this is the only way she can attract attention of a man, she throw herself to men in an undignified and disrespectful way.That is what Morgan wants for every woman and especially the black women (women from her culture) to pull her out from this mindset and make her believe in herself. Morgan thinks that what we need in our society is self-awareness. Every woman should realize her potential and she should not consider herself any degree below the man. If media is trying to portray a beautiful woman as revealing, skinny and flawless, this is just an attempt of creating self-esteem issues and weakening the sense of pride among young females.Girls should realize that these are just the false images and stop believing that to be happy and successful they need to look likes those women in the advertisement. The day when our young females realize this reality, they do not need beauty and perfection to be happy instead they will be able to create space as a potential member and can challenge the preset norms of ou r society. Perfect society is build when every member of that society considered equal. Everyone should be able to take in the account for the consequences of their actions.However, this idea of a perfect society is just a fantasy because we can never have a perfect society. That is only because nobody wants to take the responsibility of their behaviors and think of the impact on others or the environment before taking an action. For instance, media has snatched the power from the people to think responsibly and control the society by creating a hierarchy. We can clearly acknowledge the impact of media images and stereotypical gender images have on people.The media has continuously exploited women image and promoted the message that women are meant to be seen and played and never to be taken seriously. Thus, media in a way has provided men with ultimate power and authority that they use to impose their dominance over women. Media does not take the responsibility of the hierarchy the y have created because they are only interested in their profits. Therefore, we have to wake up and differentiate between reality and fantasy, since only then we can create a perfect responsible society based on equality, respect, and peace.

Recipes for Crystal Growing Solutions

Find a crystal growing recipe. This table includes recipes for preparing solutions of common crystal grown in aqueous or water solutions. Crystal Growing Solution Tips In most cases, prepare a crystal growing solution by dissolving a powdered or granular solid in boiling water. You want a saturated solution, so dissolve as much of your chemical, called the solute, as possible in the water, which is your solvent. Usually, its fine to add too much solute to the water, so that you get some undissolved material at the bottom of your container. Filter this liquid through filter paper, a coffee filter or a paper towel and use the filtered solution to grow your crystals. Crystal Growing Recipes Crystal Growing Solution sugar crystals or rock candyclear or dyed with food coloring 3 cups sugar1 cup boiling water alum crystalsclear, cubic 2-1/2 tablespoons alum1/2 cup very hot tap water borax crystalsclear 3 tablespoons borax1 cup very hot tap water Epsom salt crystalscolorless 1/2 cup Epsom salt1/2 cup very hot waterfood coloring (optional) Rochelle salt crystalsclear, orthorhombic 650 grams Rochelle salt500 ml boiling water table salt crystals(sodium chloride) 6 tablespoons salt1 cup very hot tap water copper acetate monohydrateblue-green, monoclinic 20 g copper acetate monohydrate200 ml hot distilled water calcium copper acetate hexahydrate 22.5 g calcium oxide in 200 ml wateradd 48 ml glacial acetic acid20 g copper acetate monohydrate in 150 ml hot watermix the two solutions together monoammonium phosphatecolorless or easily dyed 6 tablespoons monoammonium phosphate1/2 cup hot tap waterfood coloring sodium chloratecolorless, cubic 113.4 g NaClO3100 ml hot water sodium nitratecolorless, trigonal 110 g NaNO3100 ml hot water potassium ferricyanidered, monoclinic 46.5 g potassium ferricyanide100 ml boiling water nickel sulfate hexahydrateblue-green, tetragonal 115 g nickel sulfate hexahydrate100 ml hot water