The Presidents of Ireland 1938 Until Present

Freud s Theory Of Repression - 1558 Words

Freud’s Repression Hypothesis Freud’s theory about repression is widely studied and discussed in the psychological studies. The repression is a normal way of life as every human receives numerous limitations by civil society. In book stated as, â€Å"The organic periodicity of the sexual process has persisted, it is true, but its effect on mental sexual excitation has been almost reversed. This change is connected primarily with the diminishing importance of the olfactory stimuli by means of which the menstrual process produced sexual excitement in the mind of the male. Their function was taken over by visual stimuli, which could operate permanently, instead of intermittently like the olfactory ones.† [Freud, 19]. It’s the unconscious mind that became the basis of Freud’s theory of repression, which Freud believed to be the cause of painfully holding back some emotions or desires by people who were too afraid to acknowledge them. Repression means to secretly lock away desires in your unconscious mind, which you are too afraid to even believe that you have them. Sexual repression can be defined as a state in which an individual is prohibited to express sexual desires. It is often linked to the feelings of shame, guilt or being connected with the sexual impulses. As if the writer said, â€Å"Psychologically it is fully justified in beginning by censuring any manifestations of the sexual life of children, for there would be no prospect of curbing the sexual desires of adults if theShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1378 Words   |  6 PagesOut of all the theories that we have learned in class the one theory, I think that connects to us as humans the most would be theory 3: Psychoanalysis. I found this theory very interesting. Sigmund Freud started the study of psychoanalysis, stating that talking about how you feel is true psychoanalysis, also known as talk therapy. Back in the 1800’s, this was known as â€Å"cleaning the chimney† or â€Å"chimney sweeping†. Freud said there are three levels of the psyche, and when remembering them think ofRead MoreFreud, S. on the Theory of Sexuality from his article The Transformations of Puberty in Three Essay on the Theory of Sexuality and other works1519 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freuds Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, written in 1905, attempted to trace the course of the development of the sexual instinct in human beings from infancy to maturity. This instinct is not simply an animal instinct but is specific to both human culture and the form of conscious and unconscious life we live within it. For Freud sexuality is infinitely complicated and far-reaching in its effects and forms the basis of self-identity and interactions. His Third Essay discusses theRead MoreBiography Of Sigismund Schlomo Freud s The Interpretation Of Dreams 1435 Words   |  6 PagesSchlomo Freud was an Austrian born neurologist, more widely known as Sigmund Freud and often re garded as the father of psychoanalysis. Possibly his most notable work , psychoanalysis , or ‘’the talking cure’’ as it is now known, was developed to help the mentally ill through dream analysis .One of his earliest influences was the French doctor , Jean Charcot, who employed hypnosis in treating his patients’ hysteria. Unlike Charcot, who was trying to cure those who suffered from hysteria, Freud was engrossedRead MoreSigmund Freud s Five Lectures On Psychoanalysis 1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis,† he introduces theories regarding repressed memories as a source for mental disturbances and methods of retrieving these memories. Freud introduces techniques such as dream interpretation, word association, and hypnosis as methods for treating symptoms of mental disturbances; it is for these discoveries that Sigmund Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis. According to neuropsychologist Paul Broks, †Å"Freud might also be considered one of the founders of neuropsychology†Read MorePsychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler1406 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Psychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler Introduction The field of psychology has produced a variety of influential theories. The major schools of thought in the field have distinct philosophical and empirical foundations which have shaped their goals as well as their methods. Although no particular school of thought has given us an exhaustive understanding of human psychology, each has produced ideas that are useful for understanding particular areas of it. The modern period of psychologyRead MoreA Synopsis Of Sigmund Freud775 Words   |  4 PagesA Synopsis of Sigmund Freud The Theorist Sigmund Freud was born, May 6, 1856, and died 23 September, 1939. He was beyond a doubt one of the founding fathers of modern psychology. Sigmund Freud examined the human mind more in depth than anyone who became before him. His contributions to psychology are immeasurable. He was one of the most influential people throughout the twentieth century. His theories, and research have influenced not only psychology, but many other areas of culture, including theRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theories About Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious Mind1003 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology, 5th Block Sigmund Freud s Theories about Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud was well known for his theories on psychoanalysis, and it was used to help understand the unconscious mind better. In Freud s lifetime, he grew to be a very influential person of the twentieth century. The western society still uses words that he introduced in his time, some are libido, repression, denial, and neurotic. He was the founding father of the theory of psychoanalysis, which explainsRead MoreSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreSigmund Freud s Influence On Psychology751 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud was born, May 6, 1856, and died 23 September, 1939. He was beyond a doubt one of the founding fathers of modern psychology. Sigmund Freud examined the human mind more in depth than anyone before him. His contributions to psychology are immeasurable. He was very influential throughout the twentieth century. His theories, and research have influenced not only psychology, but many other areas of culture, including the way people raise their children even today. Freud influenced languageRead MoreThe Oedipus And Electra Complexes : The Father Of Psychoanalysis945 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud was a successful Neurologist and became known as the father of Psychoanalysis. In this essay, I will convey my views on Freud’s credibility and his failed claims of the Oedipus and Electra complexes, as well as his achievement in fathering the Psychological and Psychotherapeutic theories of Psychoanalysis. Consequently, with all of the controversy stemming from the Oedipus and Electra complexes, Freud had many problems with other individual’s beliefs that were against his claims and

A Perceptual Study Of Girls - 825 Words

A Perceptual Study of Girls Purpose of the Study Education has a significant value for all students, boys and girls are valued as equal. This study is an insight on how girl’s education, economical status, and cultural are valued differently in South Kashmir, India. Girls are faced with several challenges and their education is inadequate, due to attendance rate, teacher shortage, and improper curriculum. The young ladies are faced with additional hardships at home; poor living condition and no monies. The enrollment population of girls are lower than boys. Education is supposed to be exposed to all students, but in some cases, it is not. (Ahmad Gul Khan, 2015) Education has a deeper meaning for girls in different countries, because girls have to work extra hard for their education. They are confronted daily with gender issues, and girls become disadvantaged when the gender gets mix with other shortcoming like poverty, scheduled tribes, minorities, or disability. How people perceived education in these countries will impac t the young ladies future. Girl’s education in India, especially in rural areas is one of the main concerns for all educators involved. Ahmad Gul and Khan stated â€Å"that educating a girl is equal to educate a whole family†, â€Å"but educate a man is equal to an individual, but educate a woman, you educate a nation†. The purpose of this study is to provide information, perception, and data on improvement of girl’s education in South Kashmir. (Ahmad Gul Khan,Show MoreRelatedA Wide Age Range Of Kids779 Words   |  4 PagesAt the Centre 4 girls, children aged 5-11 sit at the table and prepare for the announcement of the art of project of the day. Although Administration and Instructors put forth an effort to maintain a disciplined enrichment after school Centre, I have personally witnessed numerous of times where that particular goal was not obtained. The biggest issue with the Centre is that they fail to properly separate and teach children according to their mental and motor capabilities. Integrating a wide age rangeRead MoreThe Assessment Methods Used By Speech Language Pathologists1390 Words   |  6 Pages A study by Skahan, Watson Lof (2007) examined the assessment methods used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) when assessing children with suspected speech sound disorders (SSD). Through a national survey, the study also examined the assessment of non-native English speakers and the length of the assessment process (Skahan, Watson Lof, 2007). The study was pursued due to a lack of research regarding the assessment methods used by SLPs to identify children with SSD. Previous research byRead MoreThe Importance Of Robust Vocabulary Instruction On Children958 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: This study had more than one purpose. The first purpose was to observe the outcomes of robust vocabulary instruction on children who were determined to have below average vocabulary skills. The children’s level of vocabulary was determined by a standardized test of vocabulary. The second purpose was to observe how African American children retain novel vocabulary words and what type of book influences that. The literature review for this study covers robust vocabulary instructionRead MoreLifespan Development1516 Words   |  7 Pagespsychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growth development. The physical growth transformations infants undergo in stage two of lifespan development range from, brain, motor, to sensory/perceptual developmentRead MoreAttribution Process1136 Words   |  5 PagesAttribution process McShane Glinow (2008) have proposed attribution process, a different perceptual activity, helps us interpret the world around us. The attribution process involved deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or by external factors. The perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is largely caused by internal or external factors. As Luthans (2008) said, attribution refers simply to how people explain theRead MoreThe Body Image And Advertisements1630 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"the way an individual perceives their physical self, but more importantly the thoughts and feelings the person experience due to that perception† (Healey, 2014). There are four aspects of body image, it includes perceptual, affective, cognitive and behavioural (Healey, 2014). Perceptual is the way you see yourself (Healey, 2014). Affective is the way you feel about the way you look (Healey, 2014). Cognitive is the thoughts and beliefs y ou have about your body (Healey, 2014). Behavioural is the thingsRead MoreThe Negative Stereotypes Of A Child s Interaction With Barbie855 Words   |  4 Pagesresponded, will help to shed some light on many other similar areas of interest. It also helped to further understand how a Barbie could possibly influence a negative stereotypical gender belief, aid in unrealistic body image development, and help keep girls oppressed. I was happily surprised with the outcome, but still pessimistic about the chances of their actions matching their words. I question if the parents will truly give a valid effort to change their child’s interaction with Barbie. It is unwiseRead MoreBody Image And Eating Disorders1375 Words   |  6 Pagesimages, which can lead to eating disorders such as Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa. Body Image is the way you see your body, and how you feel about your appearance. There are four key proponents associated with Body Image. The first aspect is Perceptual Body Image. This is how you see your body, this may not always be a correct representation of how one really looks. For example, one may see themselves as fat, when in reality they’re thin. The next aspect is Affective Body Image, this is how youRead MoreThe Social Premises Causing Gender Gap Within Maths And Science Involvement1329 Words   |  6 Pagesengineering and 30% of graduates from mathematics and computer science programs. (Gender differences in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and computer science (STEM) programs at university, n.d.). This research paper is going to focus on the studies investigating the social premises causing the gender gap in maths and science involvement. Difference in the number of male and female individuals studying maths and science is a consequence of the con tinued normative social construction of genderRead MoreChildhood Development : Physical Changes978 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood Development Case Study Physical Changes/ Male and Female Physical changes taking place after birth that continue the biological maturation of the organism from fertilized egg cell to an adult. To explore fundamental processes that occur in children involves descriptions of the structures and functioning of organs, such as the brain, and the spinal columns, the optics, and taste buds. Girls early puberty and the growth of breast have little or no effect on them mentally. Boys going

Depression Can Mean Several Different Things. It Can Mean

Depression can mean several different things. It can mean normal depression, such as loss, conflict, trauma, or the disruption of normal life balance. It can be a symptom of a physical illness, or a side effect of medication. It can also be based on neurochemical abnormalities (Karren, Smith, Gordon, 2014, p. 181-182). Depression as an illness is not a normal reaction, but it can occur even without a clear reason (Karren, Smith, Gordon, 2014, p. 182). A person who is depressed feels that the present conditions and the future possibilities are intolerable (Karren, Smith, Gordon, 2014, p. 182). The elusiveness of depression makes it difficult to define: it s not just one single condition with a simple cause (Karren, Smith, †¦show more content†¦Breyer (n.d.) explains that though there are often the more obvious signs of depression, like feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anxiety, depression can also cause unexplained physical symptoms. Headaches and migraines are said to be fairly common in people with depression. The relationship between depression and migraines is especially close (Breyer, n.d.). One study found that over a two year period, a person with a history of major depression was three times more likely than average to have a first migraine attack, and a person with a history of migraine was five times more likely than average to have a first episode of depression. (Breyer, n.d.). Breyer (n.d.) also went on to explain that back pain may get worse if you become depressed. Stating that in a study from the University of Alberta that followed a random sample of a large number of adults without neck and low back pain and found that people who suffer from depression are four times as likely to develop intense or disabling neck and low back pain than those who are not depressed (Breyer, n.d.). Some other physical symptoms of depression that Breyer (n.d.) list are chest pain, digestive problems, exhaustion and fatigue, sleep disturbances, and c hanges in appetite or weight gain. You should seek help for the symptoms of depression, emotional or physical, if they are affecting your life in such a way that it is causing difficulties in relationships, work issues, or you are having thoughts of suicideShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1197 Words   |  5 PagesEtiology of depression Depression can be defined as a typical mental issue that give discouraged disposition, less interest or delight, diminished energy levels, sentiments of blame or low self-esteem, disturbed appetite or sleep, and poor focus in daily life matters. Symptoms of anxiety and insomnia are closely associated with term depression. Depression can be categorised as â€Å" Mental illness† because it severely affects the state of human’s mind and propose hurdles and obstacles in daily lifeRead MoreEtiology Of Depression And Depression1109 Words   |  5 Pages ETIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION Etiology of depression Depression can be defined as a typical mental issue that give discouraged disposition, less interest or delight, diminished energy levels, sentiments of blame or low self-esteem, disturbed appetite or sleep, and poor focus in daily life matters. Symptoms of anxiety and insomnia are closely associated with term depression. Depression can be categorized as â€Å" Mental illness† because it severely affects the state of human’s mind and propose hurdles and obstaclesRead MoreThe Problem Of Depression By Laura Mcbride Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesDepression is a mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. When people are depressed they feel down and lose interest in daily activities. It can cause many physical and mental health disorders such as cardiovascular problems and social disorders, for a couple examples. There are many different kinds of medications and therapies used to treat people with depression.In the book We Are Called To Rise by Laura McBri de, three individuals lives were brought together by trauma and by coincidenceRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1340 Words   |  6 Pageslot of different factors that can contribute to one’s depression. Such as, biological, psychological and sociocultural. These factors include emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, behavior symptoms, somatic symptoms, and impairment in social and occupational functioning. So, what is depression? Everybody experiences times in their life with feeling blue or sad. Depression, however is a medical condition to where the person feels a stronger sadness for a lot longer than normal. Depression can be mildRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder741 Words   |  3 Pageslife. Depression can be caused by many things such as illness, abuse, a lack of serotonin in your brain, or countless other things. An article written in the New York Times entitled â€Å"Major Depression†, stated that depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain due to stress, problems with your genes, or sadness. But it’s more likely a nice cocktail of all of those things give or take a few instead of just one of those factors. And no matter what your age you can develop depression whetherRead MoreBipolar Depression : A Difficult And Diverse Mood Disorder1258 Words   |  6 Pagesmanic, hypomanic, and mixed episodes. Aretaeus of Cappadocia had been the first to practice and have the best information on bipolar depression in the medical field during the 1st Century in Greece. His notes between mania and depression had been overlooked for a very long time. Greeks and Romans were responsible for the terms mania and melancholia, which now mean manic and depressive. The Greeks had also even revealed that using lithium salt while taking a bath could calm manic patients and liftRead Mo reThe Problem Of Adolescent Depression1631 Words   |  7 Pages Adolescent Depression Depression a word we’re familiar with especially when it comes to adults, we know adults get depress and we understand the reasons, with the high demands in life it’s not uncommon to get lost in the shuffle. Depression in adult is something we have known for many years, but what has surprised many of us is that adolescents also get depressed. I myself still don’t fully understand the reasons why or how this happens. I see it very often adolescentRead MoreDiagnosis And Management Of Depressive Disorder Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesof major depression (348).† This is evidence that a systematic screening is needed for screening of patients that have a family physician for major depression. There are several types of questionnaires used for screening of depression. One of the screening tools used to identify severities of depression is called the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 otherwise called the PHQ-9. According to Hinz et al (2016), â€Å"the PHQ-9 is a screening instrument with 9 items, developed to measure depression. For eachRead MorePaper1263 Words   |  6 Pagesin association with others. Therefore, the process of interaction between human beings and their surrounding formed culture. Furthermore, the shaped culture for a long time makes up for people’ s cognizes and tradition. It means, different regions and countries shape different cultures that constitute normal behavior of human beings. Today, as a melting pot, the world turns into a multicultural society. With the development of society and technology, people have more opportunity to meet othersRead MoreDepression : Symptoms And Treatment Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Depression? Depression is a condition in which a person feels discouraged, sad, hopeless, unmotivated, or disinterested in life in general (Depression II). Depression is a serious mental illness that does the aforementioned as well as much more. When a person is depressed, it can inter fere with daily and normal functioning as well as can cause pain for the person with it and those around them, and this is what doctors call ‘Clinical Depression’. Depression is more than just a simple sadness;

United States Cancer Society Free Essays

The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service. The Society is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with state Divisions and more than 3,400 local Units. The Society is the largest source of private, nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Cancer Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Society’s prevention programs focus on tobacco control, sun protection, diet and nutrition, comprehensive school health education, early detection, and treatment. A variety of service and rehabilitation programs are available to patients and their families. Through its advocacy program, the Society educates policy makers about cancer and how it affects the individuals and families they represent. For more information contact the American Cancer Society at 1-800-ACS-2345 or visit www.cancer.org. The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service. The American Cancer Society’s international mission concentrates on capacity building in developing cancer societies and on collaboration with other cancer-related organizations throughout the world in carrying out the strategic directions of the American Cancer Society In 1947 the American Cancer Society also began its public education campaign about the signs and symptoms of cancer. They were termed â€Å"Cancer’s Danger Signals†. The original 7 danger signals were: 2. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere. 5. Persistent indigestion or difficult swallowing. 7. Any change in normal bowel habits. Ten years later, the order was rearranged putting the â€Å"unusual bleeding or discharge† in the first place. The signals were retitled and reworded slightly through the years, until the wording was changed in 1969 to the acronym CAUTION. The first letter of each sentence was lined up to spell CAUTION. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. The warning signals remained as above until their use was discontinued in the early 1980’s. Some of the Society’s patient service programs include: Transportation: Trained volunteers drive patients to and from treatment. This program is called Road to Recovery in some areas. Reach to Recovery: Trained volunteers who are breast cancer survivors visit women who have been recently diagnosed with breast cancer. The volunteers serve as positive role models, talk with women about their feelings and concerns, and provide written materials about breast cancer and related subjects. â€Å"TLC† is a â€Å"magalog† designed to provide information and special products, such as wigs, swimwear, turbans, hats, bras, and breast prostheses. Look Good†¦Feel Better: In partnership with the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association Foundation and the National Cosmetology Association, this free public service program is designed to teach women with cancer beauty techniques to help restore their appearance and self-image during chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Man to Man: This group program provides information about prostate cancer and related issues to men with prostate cancer and, in some areas, their spouse or significant other. Children’s Camps: In some areas, the Society sponsors camps for children who have, or have had, cancer. These camps are equipped to handle the special needs of children undergoing treatment. Hope Lodge: Temporary accommodations are provided in some areas to cancer patients during their treatment. I Can Cope: This patient and family cancer education program consists of a series of classes. Doctors, nurses, social workers, and community representatives provide information about cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as assistance in coping with the physical and emotional challenges of a cancer diagnosis. How to cite United States Cancer Society, Papers

United States Cancer Society Free Essays

The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service. The Society is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with state Divisions and more than 3,400 local Units. The Society is the largest source of private, nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Cancer Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Society’s prevention programs focus on tobacco control, sun protection, diet and nutrition, comprehensive school health education, early detection, and treatment. A variety of service and rehabilitation programs are available to patients and their families. Through its advocacy program, the Society educates policy makers about cancer and how it affects the individuals and families they represent. For more information contact the American Cancer Society at 1-800-ACS-2345 or visit www.cancer.org. The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service. The American Cancer Society’s international mission concentrates on capacity building in developing cancer societies and on collaboration with other cancer-related organizations throughout the world in carrying out the strategic directions of the American Cancer Society In 1947 the American Cancer Society also began its public education campaign about the signs and symptoms of cancer. They were termed â€Å"Cancer’s Danger Signals†. The original 7 danger signals were: 2. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere. 5. Persistent indigestion or difficult swallowing. 7. Any change in normal bowel habits. Ten years later, the order was rearranged putting the â€Å"unusual bleeding or discharge† in the first place. The signals were retitled and reworded slightly through the years, until the wording was changed in 1969 to the acronym CAUTION. The first letter of each sentence was lined up to spell CAUTION. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. The warning signals remained as above until their use was discontinued in the early 1980’s. Some of the Society’s patient service programs include: Transportation: Trained volunteers drive patients to and from treatment. This program is called Road to Recovery in some areas. Reach to Recovery: Trained volunteers who are breast cancer survivors visit women who have been recently diagnosed with breast cancer. The volunteers serve as positive role models, talk with women about their feelings and concerns, and provide written materials about breast cancer and related subjects. â€Å"TLC† is a â€Å"magalog† designed to provide information and special products, such as wigs, swimwear, turbans, hats, bras, and breast prostheses. Look Good†¦Feel Better: In partnership with the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association Foundation and the National Cosmetology Association, this free public service program is designed to teach women with cancer beauty techniques to help restore their appearance and self-image during chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Man to Man: This group program provides information about prostate cancer and related issues to men with prostate cancer and, in some areas, their spouse or significant other. Children’s Camps: In some areas, the Society sponsors camps for children who have, or have had, cancer. These camps are equipped to handle the special needs of children undergoing treatment. Hope Lodge: Temporary accommodations are provided in some areas to cancer patients during their treatment. I Can Cope: This patient and family cancer education program consists of a series of classes. Doctors, nurses, social workers, and community representatives provide information about cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as assistance in coping with the physical and emotional challenges of a cancer diagnosis. How to cite United States Cancer Society, Papers

Gender Discrimination And Gender Equality Essay Example For Students

Gender Discrimination And Gender Equality Essay more and more people trying to incorporate gender equality in all areas of their operations even if some do it to a small extent. Though this effort is much appreciated, more needs to be done to ensure that gender equality is fully gained in all countries of the world. Gender based discrimination is commonplace in the corporate world as very few women hold top executive positions in big companies. Fewer women hold executive offices in multinationals and big companies compared to their male counterparts. This is mainly because it is generally felt that men are more deserving of promotions despite the fact that men may be less productive as compared to a woman. Women even after discrimination perform well and do not speak up about the discrimination (Smith, Caputi, and Crittenden 210). This can be attributed to the fact that women, for ages have been suppressed and forced to live with the fact that society does not consider them to be as great as their male counterparts in anything even when they clearly are.The number of women who enter into white collar jobs is higher than men. Around 53 percent of women hold white collar jobs as compared to 47 percent of men (Porter 112). However, the number of women occupying leadership positions is almost negligible. In such situations, when a majority of top positions in corporation are occupied by men, chances of the success of women can only be possible with the help of men. It is important that male bosses promote their team members based on their performance and not because of gender. Students attend lecture on gender equality but do not practice what they learn in their real life. There is need to implement theory into practice. College education on gender equality is waste of time . .n to be backward and should not be entertained. I believe that gender equality is an ideology whose time has come. Women should be treated equal to men. They should be given all the rights and opportunities that are available to men. I support that women are as competent as men and they deserve all the privileges that men have solely for a long time enjoyed. Moreover, men should get more involved in gender equality movement for with the help of men, the call for gender equality can perverse our society and its constructs realized. However, the move to liberate women from the bondage of gender stereotyping requires concerted efforts of individuals and organizations, institutions and world governments. The society must come together and fight this vice that has robbed many women their well deserved opportunities at social, political, economical and academic liberation.

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law Net Capital Gain Pirchases

Question: Discuss about the Taxation, Theory, Practice Law for Net Capital Gain Pirchases. Answer: Introduction Analysis of Freds overall net capital gain covering the various related transactions, noted after his involvement in the purchase of his holiday house, in the main concern of this report. The concept of overall net gain and net loss is understand by learning the importance of required laws of calculation from this study. Fred, the example of study in this report, demands the understanding of law as the home functions, development, and renovation comes under the Australians law of government strategies which even includes other taxation laws as per the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1977. Computation is done by this. On concern of net capital gain and loss of Fred .the explanation to set the capital loss/gain is also related by evaluating and analyzing the various facts and figures personally from the report. Here it is important to note that, there are transactions that do not follow the computational method of capital research. The term computation is imperative to understand as the c oncepts of net capital gain/loss and superannuation adopts the computation functionality (Graetz Schenk, 2009). Every layout is basically based on the computation tool. Computation definition hence is described by various tax and law scholars with each definition carrying specific application for different purposes and situation. The process of accumulating or gathering funds from the people to give them at the time retirement is called superannuation (Wright, 1970). Freds capital gain calculation Computation Of Capital Gain For FRED For The Year Ended On 30 June Particulars Amount (in$) Total Amount (in $) Add: #Proceeds of selling holiday home in the current year 800,000.00 Less: Cost Base of holiday home in 1987 100,000.00 700,000.00 Less: Total legal fees 2100.00 697900.00 Add: Cost base of garage 20,000 717900.00 Less: Cost of garage after indexation 20000*123.4/71.3 34,614.30 683,285.70 Less: Agent commission 9900.00) 673,385.70 Less: Stamp duty payable on acquisition (2000.00) 671,385.70 Less: Previous Year Capital Loss Deduction (10,000.00) Total capital gain 661,385.70 Less: 50% discount for using property for more than 12 months (330692.85) Net capital gain 330692.85 Exceptions and exemptions: Few values or transactions are there which do not depend on the capital gain or loss, as discussed earlier in this report. Hence, different examples are there for getting a clear details about these values. For instance, reimbursement requested in case of any injury or illness, required assets prior to 20th Sep 1985, people having $10,000 or more personal asset. Things which cannot be counted in capital gain or loss are cars, vehicles or motorcycles, and is considered unworthy if owned for $10,000 or less (Bittker Rahdert, 1976). Things like painting collection of $500 or less do not come under computation, and family homes detached from the real house are few other examples. What will be the answer if there is a sale of an antique vase? In case a loss is incurred due to the selling of an antique vase by Fred, in my view, I would say that he suffered a huge loss. This can be said because the loss suffered due to the subtraction of it is received from the selling of the shares, that Fred intended to use it personally, thus his net capital is higher than $10,000 (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). An overall analysis on the fringe benefits and fringe benefits tax Tax is a result of fringe benefit that helps in setting the introduction as well as the importance of the analysis of fringe benefit. Fringe benefits covers the additional benefit that increases the pay of the staffs. Subsidized meal, company car, health insurance and more are the distinct examples. According to employers, it is a free partner and contractor that is there between two employees in which, in few situations, they are set free from the taxes. For e.g., the fair market cost is included for all those receive fringe benefit tax, in that year. It is beneficial for the employees family and the acquaintances too (Woellner, 2014). This amount gets added to the salary package. Fringe benefit, unlike the income tax, is assessed every year from 1st April to 31st March and is regulated by the Australian Fringe Benefit Tax Act, 1988, in Australia. It is classified into different sections: Expense payment fringe benefits Debt waiver fringe benefits Housing fringe benefits Loan fringe benefits Car parking fringe benefits Board fringe benefits Living away from home allowance fringe benefits Residual fringe benefits Property fringe benefits including the goods, property or shares Living away from home fringe benefits Living away from home (LAFTA), is the allowance which is provided in case of staying away from the real residing house. In this case, the employee receives few benefits from the employer for staying away from their house for some personal duties (Walton, 1995). However, at times strategies also see few disadvantages. Property fringe benefits Under this benefit the employer gives a property to the employee at a much discounted rate, this is the same case in Emmas situation. A bathtub costs $1,300 to Emma which is normally available at $2,600 in the market. Hence, the company gives a discount of 50% to Emma. Board Fringe Benefits The days meal as well as accommodation is given in the form of board fringe benefit to the employees (Blum Kalven, 1978). Housing fringe benefits Herein, the employee is given the right on accommodation and rent or license. A residential right is given to the employee because the entire unit is granted by the strategy (Blum Kalven, 1978). Debt waiver fringe benefits This benefit enables an employer to let the employee off from paying the debt. Car parking fringe benefit This benefit can be utilized in various situations. For e.g., in case a car is parked in the employers area or in case the parking is beyond the time frame i.e. before and after 7am and 7pm, if the car is parked in the place of work of the employee, a commercial area is available in a radius of 1km work area, or in case the employee manages the car (Surrey, 1972). Car fringe benefit The employee gets the car which was rented for a personal usage or as their own asset as the car fringe benefit. Expense fringe benefit Here, the employees is given some amount for paying to a third party. In case, this payment is not made, the employee is answerable or he/she will have to recompense. Emma gets the advantage from the fringe benefit from the compensation for the vehicle and hence qualifies the expenses from it (Paul, 1954). Loan fringe benefits In this, the employees are given loan on a lower interest rate than what is normally offered by all the banks. Emma received the amount of $5,00,000 at an interest rate of 4.5% that is less that than the interest charged by the banks. As FBT is taken, this is 47% (Dubert Merrill, 2001). FBT consequences for the company As per the FBTA, s 7 provisions the car is considered as a fringe benefit and Emma gets it for using it personally. Based on the cost, strategies and other additional information, the constitutional methods are used here: Taxable value = (0.2 * $33,000 x 330/365) = $5,967 Base value = cars cost The car was given as a fringe benefit for 330 days (it is considered for annual repairs and also cannot be used personally. Accessibility of the car until Emma gives it to her employee, parked at airport (Lind, 2005). No recipient is received by Emma for the reimbursement of the expenses. Emmas motor vehicle expenses repayment This is not taken into consideration under FTBA, s 53; however, is adapted for the expense payment fringe. $500,000 Loan A loan provision is a loan fringe benefit: FBTAA, Div 4 Taxable value = $500,000 x (5.95% - 4.45%) x (212/365) = $4,356 NB: Because the loan is not spent as an assessable income for earning, there is no reduction for tax under deductible rule (Gilders et. al., 2015). Bathtubs purchasing cost $1,300 Periwinkle sells bathtubs under their ordinary business plan: FBTA, Division 11 since they are a house fringe property. The bathtubs taxable value is decreased by $1,300 for recipients payment of $650. Periwinkle produces and distributes bathtubs to the customers as an ordinary course business, thus the taxable amount is 75% of $2,600 = $1,950. This is considered to be the lowest cost at which it is sold to the customers (Kerwin Furlong, 1994). As the bathtub is a house fringe benefit, the amount which is taxable is lowered below s62 FTBA taking into consideration that Emma does not have any other in-house advantage that year. When the taxable amount is deducted from each fringe benefit, it becomes necessary to deduce Type 1/Type 2 declaration of the fringe benefit. Car = Type 1 fringe benefit (because the amount is comprehensive with GST and supposition is done about Periwinkle being unrestricted to input tax credits) Loan = Type 2 fringe benefit (it is a financial supply; therefore no GST is applicable) Assume that taxable value of bathtub is reduced to 0. Fringe benefits taxable amount = ($5,967x 2.0802) + ($4,356x 1.8868) = $12,413+ $8,219 = $20,632. Liability of Fringe benefits tax = 47% x $20,632 = $9,697 Thus, Periwinkle should pay $9,697 FBT in relation to the above items. What will be the answer if Emma purchases the shares by herself? For this the answer may differ. In case all the shares are bought by Emma by the loan of $50,000, then this amount will be used for producing income as the dividend is taken from such organisations that gains profit and the deduction amount is taken from the similar rate of interest. In such cases, the loan fringe benefit lowers by 10% ($50,000/$ 50,000) as per the deductible rule proposed under s 19 of the FBT Act (Hodgson, Mortimer Butler, 2016). Conclusion and Suggestions The above report clearly shows that Emma attains benefit from Periwinkle Company, to pay below fringe benefit. It talks about the case of Emma as well as Fred wherein it is quite clear that it is necessary to know the laws of any institution as the situation might differ from time to time. Thus, the above report allows the students to understand the concepts very clearly by referring to the different examples given. This allows the students and people associated with the concerns of this field to properly read and analysis the case study, enabling them to figure out the personal problem and issues. The explanation and the different examples mentioned help the students to gain an in-depth knowledge about the subject matter. References Bittker, B.I. and Rahdert, G.K., 1976. 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